ALCOHOLS
*Alcohols are the homologous series that contain the OH, hydroxyl, functional group. Alcohols are
essentially water molecules with substituted _______________ groups. The difference between NaOH and
alcohols is that NaOH is ionic and dissociates into Na+(aq) and OH-(aq) ions, whereas C-OH is covalent and
does not dissociate – it’s a molecule.
Water
Generic Formula of an Alcohol
“R” = an alkyl group
n Name
1
Specific Example of an Alcohol
Alkyl group =
Molecular Formula Condensed structural formula
2
3
4
5
6
Primary (1°), Secondary (2°) and Tertiary (3°) Alcohols
Examples:
1° alcohol
e.g. butan-1-ol
2° alcohol
e.g. butan-2-ol
3° alcohol
e.g. 2-methylpropan-2-ol
ETHERS
Water
Generic Formula of an Ether
Specific Example of an Ether
“R” = an alkyl group ; R’ = another
alkyl group
Alkyl group (left)=
Alkyl group (right) =
Naming Ethers
*Ethers are named by adding _______ to the __________ hydrocarbon group and joining it to the alkane name of the
_______________ hydrocarbon group.
Name #1
(IUPAC)
Drawing of
Compound
methoxymethane
ethoxyethane
ethoxypropane
propoxybutane
ALDEHYDES AND KETONES
*Aldehydes and ketones are characterized by the presence of the same functional group – _____________. The carbonyl functional
group consists of a carbon atom double bonded to an ____________ atom. What distinguishes aldehydes and ketones from one
another structurally is the ______________ of the carbonyl group.
*In aldehydes, the carbonyl group is located at the end (or beginning) of the carbon chain, and will therefore be bonded to at least
one ____________ atom.
*In ketones, the carbonyl group occurs in the interior of the carbon chain, and will therefore be bonded to two __________ groups.
Naming Aldehydes
*When naming aldehydes, add ________to the prefix of the parent alkane.
Examples:
methanal(formaldehyde)
ethanal (acetaldehyde)
propanal
butanal
Q. Why is it not necessary to write a number in front of any aldehyde?
Naming Ketones
*When naming ketones, add ________to the prefix of the parent alkane.
Examples:
propanone (acetone)
butanone
*pentan-2-one
pentan-3-one