What is more accepted today, vitalism or mechanism?
Vitalism=laws different for living things over non-living things
Mechanism=everything is governed by the same physical and chemical principles
Describe the bonding pattern of carbon
-four covalent bonds
-tetrahedral structure
-109.5 degree angle
What are isomers? What are the three types of isomers we talked about in class?
Isomers=same chemical formula, different arrangements.
-strucutural:different covalent arrangements
-cis trans-different spatial arrangements about the bonds
-enantiomer=mirror images
Functional groups
Draw the functional groups. Which ones are polar? Which ones act like an acid or
base? What is special about each one?
-hydroxyl=polar, allows it to hydrogen bond with water
-carbonyl-carbon double bonded to oxygen
-carboxyl-act as a proton donor, acidic
-amino-acts like a base
-sulfhydryl-can form covalent bonds with each other
-phosphate-charged and can react with water
-methyl-not very reactive
What are the four classes of macromolecules? List characteristics of these
macromolecules.
1. Lipids
-fatty acids vary in length of chain
-saturated=no double bonds present; unsaturated=double bonds present
phospholipids:naturally form bilayer, have fatty acid tails, part of membrane
steroids:conserved ring structure, derived from cholesterol
2. Carbohydrates
-monosaccharides=simplest sugars
-will contain an aldehyde or ketone
-primary energy pathway in most organisms
-when form dissacharide do so by 1—4 glycosidic linkage
-polysaccharides mostly used for storage
--alpha configuration=energy; beta=storage
3. Proteins
-amino acids differ in R groups
-linked together by peptide bonds
-critical conditions occur in pH and temperature
-folded into proper shape by chaperonins
4. Nucleic acids
-Components include nitrogenous base, pentose and 1 or more phosphate groups
-can hydrogen bond with each other
-bond via a 35 linkage
What are the four protein strucutures?
1. Primary=sequence of amino acids
2. Secondary=coils and folds in polypeptide chain
-alpha helices and beta pleated sheets
3. Tertiary=interactions between side chains (r-groups)
-hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions and van der waals
interactions
-disulfide bridges by cysteine
4. quarternary=multiple poly peptide chains
-highest level of strucutre
How do you bring two organic molecules together? How do you separate them?
Bring together by removing water, dehydration, make energy
Break by hydrolysis, add water, release energy