Organic Chemistry
Hydrocarbons
• Contain only carbon and
hydrogen
• Carbon (4 valence e ) will
ALWAYS form four bonds
Alkanes
• Only single covalent bonds
• C1-C4—gases at room temp.
• C5-C10—liquids at room temp.
• C11 and up—solids at room
temp.
• Nonpolar molecules, do not
mix with water.
Alkanes
• CnH2n+2 is the formula for all
alkanes
• Structural—
• Condensed—
• Molecular--
Naming Alkanes
• Find the longest “parent chain” in the
molecule and name it.
• Name any branches using the correct
prefix and the ending “-yl”
• Assign a number for the location on the
parent chain where the branch is located.
Isomers
• Structural isomers have the same
molecular formula, but different
structures.
• Since they are built differently,
they have different properties and
react differently with other
compounds.
Isomers
• Build a model of C4H10
Isomers
• Build a model of C4H10
• Does it look like this?
Isomers
• There is another form of C4H10
• And it looks like this:
Same molecular formula (C3H8),
but completely different
construction. That’s isomers.
Isomers
• How many isomers are there for
pentane?
• How many are there for hexane?
• Draw and name as many octane
isomers as you can (as a group)
before the end of class. (1 pt. each)
• Do the isomers page for homework.
Alkenes and Alkynes
• Contain double (-ene) or
triple (-yne) bonds.
• Called unsaturated
compounds.
• How do we name them?
Functional Groups
• This is a specific arrangement of
atoms attached to an organic
compound.
• The method we’ll use to introduce
them will have the molecule
represented as ‘R’ and the
functional group attached.
Halocarbons
• This is a hydrocarbon with a
halogen attached to it. R-Cl or
R-Br
• How do you name them?
Alcohols
• This is a hydrocarbon with a
hydroxyl attached to it. R-OH
• The carbon with the hydroxyl
is numbered first, before any
other attachment.
• How do we name them?
Ethers
• This is a hydrocarbon that
has an oxygen along the
chain. R-O-R’
• How do we name them?
• Unfortunately, there are two
systems for naming ethers:
Aldehydes & Ketones
• They have a carbonyl group
attached to them. -C=O
• A ketone has the carbonyl
along the middle of the chain,
and an aldehyde has the
carbonyl at the end of the
chain.
• How do we name them?
Carboxylic Acids
• Have a carboxyl group attached to
them.
• These acids donate hydrogen ions
just like any other acid.
• The carbon with the carboxyl attached
to it is automatically carbon # 1.
• How do we name acids?
Esters
• Product of a carboxylic acid
and an alcohol
• Often used as artificial flavors
and fragrances.
Amines and Amides
• Contain the functional group –NH2
• Amines have the NH2 anywhere
along the chain.
• Amides have the NH2 at the end of
the chain, attached to a carbonyl
group.
• And for the last time, how do we
name them?
Benzene
Some benzene compounds
Drug Compounds
Ephedrine
methamphetamine
Caffeine
Steroids
Steroid Basis
Andro
Some others…
• andriol
Some others…
dianabol
Polymers
• Large molecules formed by the
repeated bonding of smaller
molecules.
• For example, polyethylene is
formed by repeating ethene
molecules; sometimes thousands
of them.
• Everything we know as plastic is
some kind of polymer.
Fatty Acids or Fats
• Fats are carboxylic acids.
• An acid with only single bonds along the chain
is a saturated fat.
• An acid with double bonds along the chain is an
unsaturated fat.
Fatty Acids
• The double bond comes in two types, cis- and
trans-.
• The trans- bond keeps the chain straight, and
the cis- bonds makes the chain bend.
Omega 3 Fatty Acids
Table of Fatty Acids
Carbon
Double
Atoms
Bonds
Butyric acid
4
0
butanoic acid
butterfat
Caproic Acid
6
0
hexanoic acid
butterfat
Caprylic Acid
8
0
octanoic acid
coconut oil
Capric Acid
10
0
decanoic acid
coconut oil
Lauric Acid
12
0
dodecanoic acid
coconut oil
Myristic Acid
14
0
tetradecanoic acid
palm kernel oil
Palmitic Acid
16
0
hexadecanoic acid
palm oil
Palmitoleic Acid
16
1
9-hexadecenoic acid
animal fats
Stearic Acid
18
0
octadecanoic acid
animal fats
Oleic Acid
18
1
9-octadecenoic acid
olive oil
Common Name
Scientific Name
Sources
Polymers
• All of these polymers that make plastics
and fabrics are made of molecules that
were distilled from crude oil.
Where a standard barrel of crude oil
goes:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
47% Gasoline
23% Heating oil & Diesel fuel
18% Plastics, synthetic rubber, chemicals
10% Jet fuel
4% Propane
3% Asphalt
If we quit driving cars today, we would still
need oil for lots of things.