D170 W15
Joints
How can joints be classified by function?
Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses
What characteristics of joints allow them to be classified by structure?
Fibrous
Cartilagenous
Synovial
What are the general characteristics of fibrous joints?
Describe the characteristics of the following types of fibrous joints and give examples of each.
Suture –
Syndesmosis –
Gomphosis –
What are the general characteristics of cartilaginous joints?
Describe the characteristics of the following types of
cartilaginous joints and give examples of each.
Synchondroses –
Symphases –
Williams
What are the general characteristics of synovial joints?
Describe the general structures of synovial joints, making note of the following structures.
Articular cartilage –
Joint (articular) cavity –
Articular capsule –
Fibrous layer –
Synovial membrane –
Synovial fluid –
Reinforcing ligaments –
Nerves and vessels –
Articular disc –
Bursae –
Tendon sheath –
Name and describe the common types of body movements, and know an example of each:
Gliding –
Flexion –
Extension –
Hyperextension –
Abduction –
Adduction –
Circumduction –
Rotation –
Medial rotation –
Lateral rotation –
Elevation –
Depression –
Protraction –
Retraction –
Supination –
Pronation –
Opposition –
Inversion –
Eversion –
Dorsiflexion –
Plantar flexion –
Describe the four types of synovial joints based on movements they allow.
Nonaxial –
Uniaxial –
Biaxial –
Multiaxial –
Describe the six types of synovial joints based on joint shape, and be familiar with given examples.
Plane
Hinge
Pivot
Condylar
Saddle
Ball-and-socket
What three factors influence stability of synovial joints? How do these factors contribute to stability?
Shapes of the articular surfaces –
Number and position of stabilizing ligaments –
Muscle tone –
For the following joints, describe what bones articulate to form the joint, what structural type of joint it is,
and what functional type of joint it is and what movements it allows. (see Table 9.3 for a summary)
Joint
Temporomandibular
joint (TMJ) –
Sternoclavicular joint –
Shoulder
(glenohumeral) joint –
Elbow joint –
Wrist joint –
Hip joint –
Knee (tibiafemoral)
joint –
Knee (femoropatellar)
joint –
Ankle joint –
Bones
Sturctural type
Functional type
Describe the structure of the shoulder
(glenohumeral) joint and explain its function. Note
the following structures.
Glenoid labrum –
Coracohumeral ligament –
Glenohumeral ligament –
Rotator cuff –
Describe the structure of the knee joint and explain its function. Note the following structures.
Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa –
Lateral and medial menisci –
Patellar ligament –
Medial and lateral patellar retinacula –
Fibular collateral ligament –
Tibial collateral ligament –
Oblique popliteal ligament –
Arcuate popliteal ligament –
Anterior cruciate ligament –
Posterior cruciate ligament –
Explain why knee injuries commonly occur in contact sports.