Arthrology
SHANDONG UNIVERSITY
Liu Zhiyu
Classification
two major types

Continuous joints

Discontinuous joints

synovial joints
Continuous joints



Fibrous joints

Syndesmosis

Suture
Cartilaginous joints

Synchondrosis

Symphysis
Synosteosis
Synovial Joints
Basic structures

Articular surface

covered by articular cartilage

Articular capsule



Fibrous membrane
Synovial membrane
Articular cavity


Containing a trace of synovial
fluid
Subatmospheric pressure in it
Synovial Joints
Accessory structures

Ligaments (lig.)

Extracapsular ligaments
 intracapsular ligaments
Articular disc and


articular labrum
Synovial fold and
synovial bursa
Joint Movement Terminology




Translation
Flexion and extension
Adduction and abduction
Rotation




Medial and lateral rotation
Pronation ans supination
Inversion and eversion
Circumduction
flexion\ extension
adduction\ abduction
Rotation

Bone revolves around its
own longitudinal axis






medial rotation is turning of
anterior surface in towards
the midline
lateral rotation is turning of
anterior surface away from
the midline
Pronation
Supination
Inversion
Eversion
Circumduction



Movement of a distal end of a body part in a circle
Combination of flexion, extension, adduction and
abduction
Occurs at ball and socket, saddle and condyloid joints
Classification of synovial joints
1. Uniaxial joints

hinge joints



cylindrical end of 1 bone fits into trough
shape of other
angular movement-1 plane (eg) elbow,
ankle, interphalangal
trochoid (pivot) joints


round end fits into ring of bone +
ligament
rotation on long axis (eg) prox.
radius/ulna, atlas/dens
Classification of synovial joints
2. Biaxial joints

ellipsoid joints



egg-shape articular surface +
oval concavity
side-to-side, back+forth
movement (eg)
metacarpophalangeal (knuckle)
saddle joints


articular surface both concave +
convex
side-to-side, back-forth
movement (eg)
carpometacarpal jt of thumb
Classification of synovial joints
3. Multiaxial joints :

ball-and-socket joint



spherical head + round
socket
multiaxial movement(eg)
shoulder, femur
plane joints



articular surface in flat plane
Short gliding movement
(eg) intertarsal, articular
processes of vertebrae
Sprains
•
•
•
Torn or stretched
ligaments.
Spine, ankle & knee are
common sites.
Completely torn
ligaments must be
repaired. Edema
associated with injury
can further degrade the
ligament.
Dislocations
Arthritis
Joints of Bones of Trunk
Vertebral column

consists of 24 vertebrae,
the sacrum, and the
coccyx.
Joints of the vertebral bodies
Intervertebral discs
Lie between bodies of
adjacent vertebrae, composed
of:

Nucleus pulposus
an inner soft, pulpy, highly
elastic structure (gelatinous
core )

Annulus fibrosus
an outer fibrous ring consisting
of fibrocartilage
Joints of the vertebral bodies
Anterior longitudinal
ligament


Strong band covering the anterior
part of the vertebral bodies and
intervertebral discs running from
the anterior margin of foramen
magnum to the S1~S2
Maintains stability of the
intervertebral disc and prevents
hyperextension of the vertebral
column
Joints of the vertebral bodies
Posterior longitudinal
ligament


Attached to the posterior aspect
of the intervertebral discs and
posterior edges of the vertebral
bodies from C2 vertebra to
sacrum
Prevents hyperflexion of the
vertebral column and posterior
protrusion of the discs
Hemination of nucleus pulposus
Joints of the vertebral arches

Ligamenta flava
― elastic ligament, unite laminae of
adjacent vertebrae, and complete the
posterior wall of vertebral canal; tend to
prevent hyperflexion of the vertebral
column




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Interspinal ligament
Supraspinal ligament
Ligamentum nuchae
Intertansverse ligament
Zygapophysial joint
Atlantooccipital joint



Between superior articulating
surfaces of atlas and occipital
condyles
Supported by membrances and
ligaments that join occipital bone
and atlas
Action ― nodding of head, lateral
tilting of head
Atlantoaxial joint


Three synovial joints between atlas
and axis
 Laterally, paired joints between
articulating facets
 Median joint between dens of
axis and anterior arch of atlas
Supported by ligaments





apical ligament of dens
alar ligament
transverse ligament of atlas
tectorial membrane
Action ― allow atlas (and head) to
pivot on the axis and vertebral
column
The vertebral column as a whole

Anterior aspect:
the breadth of vertebral bodies
increases from C2 to S2, then
diminishes rapidly

Dorsal aspect:




the spinous processes of cervical
vertebrae are short and bifid;
the spinous processes of thoracic
vertebrae are long, point obliquely
downward and overlapped each other;
the spinous processes of lumber
vertebrae are nearly horizontally.
Lateral aspect:
shows four physiological curves
The vertebral column as a whole
Four physiological curves
Cervical curvature
convex forward
Thoracic curvature
Lumbar curvature
Sacral curvature
convex backward
The vertebral column as a whole
Movement of the vertebral column




flexion
extension
lateral flexion
rotation
Lateral radiograph of the
neck. The cervical curve of
the vertebral column is well
shown.
Sagittal MRI of cervicothoracic spine.
Sagittal MRI of thoracolumbosacral spine.
Spina bifida cystica
Thoracic cage
Composition



twelve thoracic vertebrae
twelve pairs of ribs and
costal cartilages
sternum
Thoracic cage

Costovertebral joints



Joints of costal head
Costotransverse joints
Sternocostal joints



Sternocostal synchondrosis of
first rib
Sternocostal joints
Interchondral joints
between
costal cartilages 8, 9, and 10 to
form the costal arch
General features of thoracic cage

Roughly cone-shape, narrow above and
broad below, flattened from beforebackwards, longer behind than in front

Inlet of thorax :

Outlet of thorax :

Infrasternal angle :
bounded by
upper border of manubrium, first rib, and
vertebra T1
bounded by
vertebra T12, 12th and 11th ribs, costal
arch and xiphoid process
formed by the
costal arch of both side

Intercostal spaces :
between the ribs
lie
Thoracic cage

Function:


protects the organs in the thoracic cavity and upper
abdominal cavity
plays a vital role in the process of breathing
Inspiration
Expiration
Joints of skull
Continuous joints:



Sutures
Synchondrosis or synosteosis
Temporomandibular joint
Temporomandibular joint

Aticulating surfaces



Capsule:



thin and lax in front and behind;
strengthened by the lateral ligament
Articular disc:



Mandibular fossa and articular tubercle,
above
Head of mandibule, below
separates surfaces
forming upper and lower compartments within
joint
Movement:



mandible may be elevated or depressed
protruded or retracted
rotation may also occurs as in chewing( a
slight amount of side to side movement is
also permitted)