Study Guide for Quiz 1
Anatomical Terms
• Anterior – in front or in the front part
• Deep – beneath or below the
surface
• Distal – situated away from the
center or midline of the body, or
away from the point of origin
• Dorsal – relating to the back,
posterior
• Inferior – below in relation to
another structure
• Lateral – On or to the side; outside
• Medial – relating to the middle or the
center; nearer to the medial or
midline of the body
• Palmar – relating to the palm aspect
of the hand
• Posterior – behind, in back, or in the
rear
• Proximal – nearest the trunk of the
point of origin
• Superficial – near the surface
• Superior – above in relation to
another structure; higher
Planes
• Sagittal
• Frontal
• Transverse (Horizontal)
Actions
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Abduction
Adduction
Flexion
Extension
External rotation
Internal rotation
Terms Related to Neural Control
 Central nervous system
 Peripheral nervous system
 Somatic nervous system
 A single nerve cell is called a
neuron
 A bundle or group of neurons make
up a nerve
 A nerve contains both sensory and
motor nerves
 Afferent Neurons
 Carry impulse towards the CNS
(e.g. sensory nerves)
 Efferent Neuron
 Carry impulse away from the CNS
(e.g. motor nerves)
 NEURON ANATOMY
o Dendrite
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o Cell Body
o Axon
Impulse/Action Potential
Myelin sheath
Synapse
Motor unit
Volitional Control
Reflex Control
Neurotransmitter (e.g. acytelcholine)
All-or-None Principle
AMOUNT of MUSCLE TENSION or
FORCE
1. Number of MU stimulated
2. Frequency of impulses to
each MU
3. Type of MU stimulated
Proprioception
Muscle spindles
Golgi tendon organs
Muscle Terms
 Myosin
 Actin
 Myofibrils
 Muscle Fiber
 Fascicle
 Tendons
 Pennate muscles
 Parallel muscles
Types of Muscle Contraction p. 28
 Isometric (Static)
 Isotonic (Dynamic)
 Concentric
 Eccentric
Various Muscle Roles
 Agonist – prime mover
 Antagonist – have an action
opposite to the agonist
 Stabilizers – fixate or stabilize the
joint
 Synergists – assist or guiding
 Neutralizers – counteract or
neutralize movements
 Agonist and Antagonist
 Types of Muscle Fibers
1. Fast twitch
2. Slow twitch