Era of European Nationalism (1814 – 1848) Study Guide
1. The “dual revolution” was a combination of the industrial revolution
and new political and economic ideologies.
2. In 1814 most of Europe was ruled by a small group of wealthy elites.
3. Elites were challenged by those who wanted reform and freedoms for
workers, peasants and the middle class.
4. Nationalists were people who shared a common language, ethnicity, religion
and culture and called for self-determination.
5. Liberals called for representative government and civil liberties such as
freedom of press, religion and speech.
6. The middle class emerged as business expanded with the industrial
revolution.
7. Upper class conservatives believed in tradition, a hereditary monarchy, a
land owning aristocracy and an official church.
8. Napoleon was defeated by the Quadruple Alliance which included Russia,
Prussia, Austria and Great Britain.
9. In 1814, the Austrian foreign minister Prince Metternich headed the
negotiations at the Congress of Vienna.
10. Metternich wanted to restore power to the traditional monarchs of Europe.
11. The negotiations as the Congress of Vienna lasted nine months.
12. The first and foremost accomplishment of the Congress of Vienna was
to recreate a balance of power between the nations of Europe.
13. The second accomplishment was to create barriers against future French
aggression.
14. The Congress of Vienna redrew the map of Europe in order to reward the
victors and discourage France from undertaking another conquest.
15. Britain was especially rewarded by the Congress of Vienna because Britain
had never succumbed to Napoloen.
16. Following the Congress of Vienna the Great Powers set up the Quadruple
Alliance to preserve the peace.
17. The Russian czar set up the Holy Alliance along with Prussia and Austria
who agreed to govern their nations by Christian principles.
18. The system of periodic meetings between the Great Powers of Europe,
known as the Concert of Europe was successful in preserving the terms
of the Congress of Vienna for most of the 19th century.
19. The Metternich system tried to suppress the political and economic ideas of
the dual revolution.
20. People of the lower classes in the early 19th century suffered from extreme
poverty.
21. According to classic political liberalism the people must have representative
government.
22. Many liberals believed that property requirements should be attached to the
Right to vote.
23. The first person to describe the economic demands of liberals wa the
Scottish philosopher Adam Smith.
24. Smith advocated free enterprise encourages individuals to compete freely
in the marketplace and were thus given equal opportunity to succeed.
25. British businessmen used Smith’s laissez-faire doctrine to justify outlawing
labor unions.
26. The feeling of nationalistic pride could turn dark when some groups began to
feel superior to other groups.
27. The Romantic movement in art flowered alongside new political ideologies.
28. Between 1820 and 1848, tension between conservatives, radicals and
radical republicans broke out in revolutions across Europe.
29. The Karlsbad Decrees of 1819 restricted free speech and suppressed free
press.
30. Unlike other nationalist uprisings the Greeks fought a successful war of
independence from the Ottoman Empire.
31. Like the Greeks, the Belgians were successful with the help of Britain and
France.
32. Charles X wanted to restore France to its pre-1789 status.
33. In an attempt to regain control of the government Charles X issued the
July Ordinances which dissolved the legislature and severely curtailed
freedoms.
34. Under the economic theory called socialism society as a whole would own
property and operate all businesses.
35. Francois Guizot wrote that, “the social danger by which the United States
Seems menaced is due especially to universal suffrage.”
36. In response to socialist demands, the French government set up national
workshops for unemployed workers.
37. The Poles were unsuccessful in their effort to gain independence from
Russia because they were internally divided and they lacked support from
Britain and France.
38. The pope in Rome refused to support nationalist demands because he was
afraid of offending Roman Catholic Austria.
39. In the first French elections following the Revolution of 1848, the people
Overwhelmingly elected Louis Napoleon.
40. Many of the political movements of 1830 and 1848 failed because of a
lack of unity and clear vision of their policy objectives.
workers, peasants and the middle class.