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Congress of Vienna
Early nineteenth century nationalists opposed Congress of
Vienna
Did not allow for individual representation of ethnic groups
Upheld monarchies and dynasties in its redistribution
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Liberal (defined by Conservatives)- anyone or anything that
challenged their own political, social, or religious values
19th century liberals influenced by Enlightenment writers and
French Revolution:
Desired:
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Legal Equality
Religious toleration
Freedom of Speech
Economic Freedom (Adam Smith- Lassiez Faire)
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19th Century Conservatism- dominated by monarchies, landed
aristocracies, and established churches
These groups united over resistance to change
Slow progress of nationalism and liberalism
Austrian Prince Metternich (embodied conservatism) believed that
recognizing minority rights would destroy his empire
Frederick II of Prussia- reneged on his pledge to create
constitutional government and resisted aspirations by German
nationalists to dissolve conservative order
Students in Southern Germany React- Form student groups called
Burschenschaften to address goal of unified Germany
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Lord Liverpool focused on issued of elite and landowners
instead of common citizen (this made them angry)
Coercion Act of March 1817- suspended the rights of habeas
corpus and discouraged free speech.
Peterloo Massacre (1819)- Liberal crowd gathers in
Manchester Saint Peter’s Fields. Militia moved in and crowd
panics. 11 people die and several are injured
Six Acts- Designed at intimating agitators and limiting their
free speech
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Bourbon Restoration brought Louis XVIII to throne after Napoleon’s
abdication.
Issues a constitution known as the Charter that gave monarch
greater control over government leaders.
Maintained the Declaration of Rights and Man Citizen
Did not challenge property rights of land confiscated by the
Aristocracy and Church
Louis XVIII moderate charter angers royalists (conservatives) who
carry out attacks on Napoleon's allies
1820 Duke of Berri is assassinated. Royalists persecute liberal
Louis XVIII responds with more repressive measures that gave
royalists and conservatives greater power
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Concert of Europe- informal meetings with European powers
after Congress of Vienna
1820- Concert begins failing with Spanish Ferdinand VII of
Spain violates his promise to govern according to constitution
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1820s- Revolution occurs in Naples and begins to spread across
Italy
Worries Metternich (Austria) threatens to spread to Austria
Metternich sought help to suppress movement from other powers
Protocol of Troppau- Russia, Prussia, (unofficially from France and
Britain)- agreement that stable governments could intervene in
countries experiencing a Revolution to restore order
All interventions that occurred through the congress system
sought to maintain the international order achieved after Congress
Vienna
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Greek Revolution of 1821
1830 Fight for Serbian independence
◦ Demonstrated the growing issues of nationalism and liberalism
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Wars for Independence: Latin American countries cut ties with
European powers
◦ Venezuela, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina
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Russian officers who fought Napoleon were exposed to ideas of
Enlightenment grew sympathetic to reformists movements
Two Secret Societies were Formed: Northern and Southern Society
Societies unite to carry out coup d'état in 1826
Decembrist Revolt- Russian army swear allegiance to new Tsar
Nicholas, Moscow regiment refused. Nicolas had artillery attack
them
Symbolized to Russian liberals the oppressive conditions of life
under tsars
Nicolas conservative authority when Poland nationalists agitated
for change
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In 1830 Charles X was new King
Favored aristocrats and ultra-loyalists
Restored rule of primogeniture, supported the Catholic Church,
and gave special rights to the descendants of émigrés
Liberals gained enough seats in the Chamber of Deputies in 1827
to override some of Charles’s new Laws
Elections of 1830 Charles attempted to seize power from Liberals
July Monarchy- Parisians responded by staging massive protests
Charles X turned troops against them
Charles X fails and departs in August for exile
Louis Philippe’s becomes king of France and focuses on his new
role