Word Splash – Write a few sentences
about how the following terms are
related
Hybridization
Additional Notes
Structure and Bonding – sp3 orbitals
• Look at methane, CH4
• We must take a look at the 2s and 2p orbitals
of carbon
• Carbon has two core electrons, and 4 valence
• Look at the ground state electron
configuration
Structure and Bonding - sp3 orbitals
Structure and Bonding - sp3 orbitals
• Using the ground state configuration, carbon
should only form two bonds
• Bc there are only two unpaired electrons:
• This is NOT STABLE! NO OCTET!
• Does not work!
Structure and Bonding - sp3 orbitals
• Second possibility: with energy, promote an electron in 2s
to the empty 2p orbital
• Still not good description! This means carbon would form
two types of bonds: 3 bonds with the 2p orbitals and 1
bond with the 2s orbital
Structure and Bonding - sp3 orbitals
• Evidence shows that the four bonds in methane
are identical
• We do not use pure s and pure p orbitals, instead
we use hybrid of the two types of orbitals
Structure and Bonding – sp3 orbitals
• Hybridization of the 2s and three 2p orbitals
produced four hybrid orbitals:
Structure and Bonding – sp3 orbitals
• Each bond in CH4 is formed by an overlap of
one sp3 orbital of carbon with a 1s orbital
from hydrogen
Structure and Bonding - sp2 orbitals
• One 2s orbital and two 2p orbitals form three
sp2 hybrid orbitals, leaving one of the 2p
orbitals unhybridized
Structure and Bonding - sp2 orbitals
• Let’s look at ethene, C2H4
Structure and Bonding – sp orbitals
• Let’s look at ethyne, C2H2
Summary
Summary