1. Calcular la derivada direccional de las siguientes funciones reales de dos funciones variables en el punto y según la dirección del vector que se indica: β = (π, −π) a) π(π, π) = πππ√πππ + πππ , π(π, π); π βπ’ β β = √4 + 1 = √5 π’ β = 2 √5 ππ₯ = ππ¦ = ππ₯(1,2) = ππ¦(1,2) = βββββ π = π·π’ π− 2π₯ 2 1 √5 π 2π₯ + 3π¦ 2 3π¦ 2π₯ 2 + 3π¦ 2 2(1) 1 = 2 + 3(2) 7 2(1)2 3(2) 3 = 2 + 3(2) 7 2(1)2 2 1 1 3 ( ) + (− ( )) = −π. ππ π ππππππππππ √5 7 √5 7 β = (−π, −π) b) π(π, π) = ππ + πππ − πππ; π = (π, −π)¸ π βπ’ β β = √4 + 1 = √5 π’ β = −2 √5 π− 1 √5 π 1 ππ₯ = 4π₯ 3 + 6π₯ − 4π¦ ππ¦ = −4π₯ ππ₯(1, −3) = 4(1)3 + 6(1) − 4(−3) = 22 ππ₯(1, −3) = −4(1) = −4 βββββ π = − π·π’ 2 √5 ∗ 22 + (− 1 √5 ∗ −4) = −ππ. ππ π ππππππππππ β = (−π, −π) c) π(π, π) = ππ + ππ±π©(πππ − πππ) ; π(π, π) )¸ π βπ’ β β = √9 + 4 = √13 π’ β = −3 √13 π− 2 √13 π ππ₯ = 4π₯ 3 + exp(3π₯ 2 − 4π₯π¦) ∗ 6π₯ − 4π¦ ππ¦ = exp(3π₯ 2 − 4π₯π¦) ∗ −4π₯ ππ₯(2,3) = 4(2)3 + exp(3(2)2 − 4(2)(3)) ∗ 6(2) − 12 = 32 ππ¦(2,3) = −12π −12 βββββ π·π’π = − 3 √13 ∗ 322 + (−12π −12 ∗ − 2 ) = −ππ. ππ π ππππππππππ √13 2. Calcular la ecuación del plano tangente y de la recta normal a las superficies siguiente en un punto que se indica a) π = ππ + πππ − πππ π·(π, π, π) 2 π§ = π(π₯, π¦) Recta del plano tangente. π§ − π§0 = ππ§ (π₯ − π₯0 ) + (π¦ − π¦0 ) ππ₯ ππ§ = 4π₯ 3 + 6π₯ − 4π¦ ππ₯ ππ₯(1,0,4) = 10 ππ§ = −4π₯ ππ¦ ππ¦(1,0,4) = −4 π§ − 4 = 10(π₯ − 1) − 4(π¦ − 0) π§ − 4 = 10π₯ − 10 − 4π¦ π πππ‘π π‘ππππππ‘π; 10π₯ − 6 − 4π¦ − π§ = 0 Recta normal. π₯ = ππ‘ + π₯0 ; π¦ = ππ‘ + π¦ π₯ = 10π‘ + 1 π¦ = −4π‘ + 1 π₯−1 10 π¦ πππππ π‘ = −4 πππππ π‘ = π§ = ππ‘ + π§0 π§ =4−π‘ π₯−1 π¦ = =π§+4 10 −4 b) π = π π¬π’π§(ππ) π(π, π , π) π§ = π(π₯, π¦) Recta del plano tangente. 3 π§ − π§0 = ππ§ (π₯ − π₯0 ) + (π¦ − π¦0 ) ππ₯ ππ§ = 2 cos(π₯π¦) π¦ ππ₯ ππ₯(1,0,4) = −2π ππ§ = 2 cos(π₯π¦) π₯ ππ¦ ππ¦(1,0,4) = −2 < −2π, −2 > = β∇ π§ − 0 = −2π(π₯ − 1) − 2(π¦ − π) −2ππ₯ − 2π¦ − π§ + 4π = 0 Recta normal π₯−1 π¦−π = = −π§ −2π −2 π c) π = π + π + π₯π¨π (π) π(π, π, π) π§ = π(π₯, π¦) Recta del plano tangente. π§ − π§0 = ππ§ (π₯ − π₯0 ) + (π¦ − π¦0 ) ππ₯ ππ§ 1 1 = = ππ₯ ln(10) π₯ ln(10) 4 ππ§ 1 1 =1+ =1+ ππ¦ ln(10) π¦ ln(10) < π§−2= 1 1 ,1 + > = β∇ ln(10) ln(10) 1 1 (π₯ − 1) − 1 + (π¦ − 1) ln(10) ln(10) 1 1 2 π₯+ π¦− −π§−1=0 ln(10) ln(10) ln(10) Recta normal ln(10) (π₯ − 1) = π¦ − 1 ∗ ln (10) =π§+2 1 + ln (10) 3. Calcular la derivada de la función π (π, π) = √ππ + πππ , en el punto (1,2), a lo largo de la curva π(π) = (π, πππ ) π (π₯, π¦) = √π₯ 2 + 2π¦ 2 ππ 1 ∗ 2π₯ ππ π₯ ππ 1 1 = , = → π (1,2) = = = π (1,2) = ππ₯ 2 √π₯ 2 + 2π¦ 2 ππ₯ √π₯ 2 + 2π¦ 2 ππ₯ √12 + 2(2)2 3 ππ 1 ∗ 4π¦ ππ 2π¦ ππ 2(2) 4 = , = → π (1,2) = = = π (1,2) = ππ¦ 2 √π₯ 2 + 2π¦ 2 ππ¦ √π₯ 2 + 2π¦ 2 ππ¦ √12 + 2(2)2 3 1 4 ∇π = π + π 3 3 π(π) = (π, πππ ) → π(π‘) = π‘π + 2π‘ 2π → ππ ππ (1) = 1π + 4π = 1π + 4π‘π → ππ‘ ππ‘ π’ β = √12 + 42 → π’ β = √17 5 π·π’π = π»π β π’ β = 1 4 (3 + 3 ) √17 → π·π’π = 5 3 √17 → π«ππ = π√ππ ππ 4. Calcular la ecuación del plano tangente y de la recta normal a las superficies siguientes en el punto que se indica: • π (π, π, π) = ππ ππ + ππ − πππ − ππ = π, π· = (π, π, π) π = π (2,1,4) + ππ ππ ππ (2,1,4)(π₯ − 2) + (2,1,4)(π¦ − 1) + (2,1,4)(π§ − 4) = 0 ππ₯ ππ¦ ππ§ ππ = 2π₯π¦ 2 + π§, ππ₯ π (2,1,4) = 0, ππ = 2π₯ 2 π¦ + 6π¦ 2 , ππ¦ ππ (2,1,4) = 8, ππ₯ ππ =π₯ ππ§ ππ (2,1,4) = 14, ππ¦ ππ (2,1,4) = 2 ππ§ π = 0 + 8(π₯ − 2) + 14(π¦ − 1) + 2(π§ − 4) π = 8π₯ − 16 + 14π¦ − 14 + 2π§ − 8 π = ππ + πππ + ππ − ππ • π (π, π, π) = ππ + ππ + ππ − π = π, π· = (π, π, −π) π = π (2,1, −2) + ππ ππ ππ (2,1, −2)(π₯ − 2) + (2,1, −2)(π¦ − 1) + (2,1, −2)(π§ − (−2)) = 0 ππ₯ ππ¦ ππ§ ππ = 2π₯, ππ₯ π (2,1, −2) = 0, ππ = 2π¦, ππ¦ ππ (2,1, −2) = 4, ππ₯ ππ = 2π§ ππ§ ππ (2,1, −2) = 2, ππ¦ ππ (2,1, −2) = −4 ππ§ π = 0 + 4(π₯ − 2) + 2(π¦ − 1) − 4(π§ + 4) 6 π = 4π₯ − 8 + 2π¦ − 2 − 4π§ − 16 π = ππ + ππ − ππ − ππ 5. Calcular la derivada direccional de los siguientes campos a. π(π, π) = πππ+ππ en el punto π·π (π, π) y en la dirección que forma un ángulo de 68° con respecto al gradiente. ππ = π π¦+2π₯ + π₯π π¦+2π₯ ∗ 2 = (2π₯ + 1)π π¦+2π₯ ππ₯ ππ = π₯π π¦+2π₯ ∗ 1 = π₯π π¦+2π₯ ππ¦ ∇π(π₯, π¦) = [(2π₯ + 1)π π¦+2π₯ ]π + [π₯π π¦+2π₯ ]π ∇π(1,1) = 60.26π + 20.08π π·π’π = π’ ∗ ∇π(π₯, π¦) = βπ’β ∗ β∇π(π₯, π¦)βπππ πΌ π·π’π = 1 ∗ √(60.26)2 + (20.08)2 ∗ πππ 68° = 23.7946 π«ππ = ππ. ππππ π π b. π(π, π) = πππ(ππ π) − π₯π§ (π−π), en el punto ( π , π) y en la dirección que va desde el punto π·π (π, −π) al punto π·π (π, π). ππ π₯−π¦ 2 1 ) = 2π₯π¦πππ (π₯ 2 π¦) + = cos(π₯ 2 π¦) ∗ 2π₯π¦ − ∗ (− 2 (π₯ − π¦) ππ₯ 2 π₯−π¦ ππ π₯−π¦ 2 1 ) = π₯ 2 πππ (π₯ 2 π¦) − = cos(π₯ 2 π¦) ∗ π₯ 2 − ∗( 2 (π₯ − π¦) ππ₯ 2 π₯−π¦ ∇π(π₯, π¦) = [2π₯π¦πππ (π₯ 2 π¦) + 1 1 ] π + [π₯ 2 πππ (π₯ 2 π¦) − ]π π₯−π¦ π₯−π¦ 7 π ∇π ( , 1) = −0.7023π − 3.6795π 2 π1 π2 = (5 − 8)π + (1 + 2)π π1 π2 = −3π + 3π π’= π1 π2 −3π + 3π −3π + 3π 1 1 = = =− π+ π βπ1 π2 β √(−3)2 + (3)2 3√2 √2 √2 π·π’π = π’ ∗ ∇π(π₯, π¦) = 0.4966 + (−2.6017) = −2.1051 π«ππ = −π. ππππ 6. Se describe la superficie de una montaña por la ecuación π(π, π) = ππππ − π. πππππ − π. πππππ, si un alpinista está en el punto (πππ, πππ, ππππ), en qué dirección debe moverse el alpinista para ascender lo más rápido posible. πβ 1 = 2(−0.001π₯) = − π₯ ππ₯ 500 πβ 1 = 2(−0.004π¦) = − π¦ ππ¦ 125 ∇π(π₯, π¦) = (− 1 1 π₯) π − ( π¦) π 500 125 ∇π(500,300) = −1π − 2.4π π·π’ππππ₯ = βπ’β ∗ β∇π(π₯, π¦)βcos (0) π·π’ππππ₯ = 1 ∗ √(−1)2 + (−2.4)2 ∗ 1 = 2.6 π·π’π = π’ ∗ ∇π(π₯, π¦) = 2.6 (π’1 π + π’2 π)(−1π − 2.4π) = 2.6 −π’1 − 2.4π’2 = 2.6 ππ = −π. π − π. πππ π’ = √π’1 2 + π’2 2 = 1 ππ π + ππ π = π (−2.6 − 2.4π’2 )2 + π’2 2 = 1 8 6.76π’2 2 + 12.48π’2 + 5.76 = 0 π’2 = −0.9230 π’1 = −0.3848 π = −π. πππππ − π. πππππ 7. Calcula la matriz jacobiana en el punto (π, π, π ) de la siguiente función: π π π(π, π, π) = ππππ ππ¨π¬(−π) , (π − π)π πππ (π) , πππ π₯π§ (π) Funciones componentes: π§ π₯ 1: π₯π 2π¦ cos(−π§) ; 2: (π¦ − 2)3 π ππ (2); 3: π 2π¦ ln (3) ∇π1 = (π 2π¦ cos(π§))π + (2π₯π 2π¦ cos(π§))π − (π₯π 2π¦ π ππ(π§))π ∇π1 (3,0, π) = −1π − 6π − 0π π§ 1 π§ ∇π2 = 0π + (3(π¦ − 2)2 π ππ ( )) π + ( (π¦ − 2)3 cos ( )) π 2 2 2 ∇π2 (3,0, π) = 0π + 12π + 0π ∇π3 = (π 2π¦ ∗ 3 1 π₯ ∗ ) π + (2π 2π¦ ln ( )) π + 0π π₯ 3 3 1 ∇π3 (3,0, π) = π + 0π + 0π 3 −π π π±(π«) = [ π π −π π ππ π π ] π 9