Carbon Compounds Notesheet
Name:
Biology - Section 2.3
Date:
Period:
Organic
Compounds
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Monomer:
Monomer:
Monomer:
Monomer:
Made up of:
Made up of:
Made up of:
Made up of:
All compounds are either
, containing
and
, or
bonded to
.
The chemistry of carbon is the chemistry of life.
Carbon Bonding:
 Carbon has
valance electrons
o Needs

electrons to be
Carbon readily forms
including

.
bonds with other atoms,
.
Carbon can form
,
leading to a variety of
, or
.
Single Bond
Double Bond
Triple Bond
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Large Carbon Molecules

In many carbon compounds, the molecules are built up from smaller, simpler molecules known as
.

Monomers can bind to one another to form complex molecules known as
.
o Large polymers are also called
o The process of reacting ____________________ molecules together in a chemical reaction to
form polymer chains or three-dimensional networks 
_____________ is the most important inorganic compound in the body and it participates in two important
biological reactions Biological
Reaction
and
Description of Process
.
Illustration of Process
Hydrolysis
Dehydration
Synthesis
(Condensation)
Molecules of Life
The four main classes of organic compounds essential to all living things are all made from ____________,
_________________, and ____________________ atoms, but in different ratios giving them different
properties.
A. Carbohydrates

Made of
,
, and
with H to O in a
ratio.
o Monomers are called __________________________________ - a single sugar
o Source of
o Can be in
or
form
o Ending for sugars:

Glucose, galactose, and fructose all have the same molecular formula but differ in the arrangement of atoms
=

Molecular formula =
____________________ (hexoses)
____________________ (pentoses)
2
Type of Sugar
Name of Monosaccharide
Pentose
Found in RNA
Pentose
Found in DNA
Hexose
In blood; cell’s main energy source
Hexose
In fruit; sweetest of monomers
Hexose
In milk
Disaccharides are ____________

Description of Sugar
________________:
Two monosaccharides
to form
o Formed by ____________________ synthesis (aka condensation reaction)
o Molecular formula =_________________
Common Disaccharides
Name of Disaccharide
2 single sugars that join to form the
disaccharide
Description of Sugar
Table Sugar
In milk
In malt
Polysaccharides _________ ____________________:

General Formula - _______________

Formed by ____________________ ______________________

Long chains of __________________ molecules
3
Name of
Polysaccharide
Description of Sugar
Glycogen
Starch
Cellulose
B. Lipids

Elements –
,
, and
- NOT
(H:0)
energy than
bonds
o Do not dissolve in __________________
o Lipids contain a large number of _________ bonds which store
in carbohydrates
o Monomers: ______________________________ and ______________________________

Fatty acids are unbranched C-chains – (12-28 C) with a _____________ group (
) at one end
o The carboxyl end is ______________ and attracted to water o The hydrocarbon end is _________________ and doesn’t interact with water –
List three major roles of lipids in living organisms:
1. ____________________________________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________________________________
4
Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Saturated
Fatty Acids
Unsaturated
Fatty Acids
Lipids (fats, oils, and waxes) are formed by a
molecule bonding to
.
Formed by ____________________ synthesis.
5
Complex Lipids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
C. Proteins

Elements:

Monomer: ____________ ________________ (20 different kinds)

Each amino acid has a central carbon atom bonded to 4 other atoms or functional groups
,
,
, ________________
Bond that joins amino acids (protein) = _________________________
Formation of a peptide bond:
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List five functions of proteins:
1. ___________________________________________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________________________________________________________
Enzymes
Enzyme + Substrate = ES complex = EP complex = Enzyme = product(s)
Denaturing Proteins

Protein that has lost its ________________________________, or __________________

Denaturing caused by:
o
____________________________________
o
____________________________________
o
____________________________________
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D. Nucleic Acids

Large, complex organic compounds that
information in cells, using a system of
compounds to store
information, arranged in a certain order as a
for genetic instructions of the cell.

Elements:
,
,
,
, and
__________________

Monomer: ________________________
1. __________________________________
2. __________________________________
3. __________________________________

Nucleotides combine, in

to form a double helix, and in
The sides of the ladder are made up of the
a single helix
and the
______________ and the rungs of the ladder are

Examples of Nucleic Acids:
1.
2.
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