What is an enzyme?
• Type of protein.
• Catalyzes / Speeds up a chemical
reaction.
• Decreases Energy of Activation.
What are the 6 biological
elements?
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•
•
•
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C
H
O
N
P
S
What are the 4 types of
biomolecules?
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Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
What is the function of
carbohydrates?
• Short Term Energy storage
What is the function of nucleic
acids?
• Store and transmit genetic information.
What are some examples of
carbohydrates?
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•
•
•
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Fruit
Grains
Glucose and Fructose
Cellulose and Starch
Sugars in general…
What are phospholipids?
• Type of lipids
• Main biomolecule in cell membranes
What is the function of protein?
• Catalyzes chemical reactions.
• Provides cell structure.
What is the function of lipids?
• Long Term Energy storage
• Cell Membranes
• Chemical messaging
What is the monomer of
carbohydrates?
• Monosaccharide (simple sugar)
What is the monomer of nucleic
acids?
• Nucleotide
What is the monomer of lipids?
• Fatty Acids
• Glycerol
What is the monomer of proteins?
• Amino Acids
What is hydrolysis?
• Chemical Reaction
• Water Added
• Break down large molecules
What is dehydration?
• Chemical Reaction
• Remove Water
• Build larger molecules
What is hemoglobin?
• Type of protein
• Contains Iron
• Binds with oxygen in blood
What does it mean to be “polar”?
• Uneven distribution of electrons across the
surface of a molecule.
• Water = Polar
• Head of phospholipids = Polar
Describe the charge distribution of
water molecules:
• Hydrogen = slightly positive
• Oxygen = slightly negative
What is a valence electron?
• Outermost electron of atom
• Forms bonds
What is ATP?
• Adenosine Triphosphate
• Energy storing molecule
How does ATP store energy?
• Phosphate bonds
• Add a Phosphate = Store Energy
How can energy be released from
ATP?
• Removal of a phosphate
• ATP  ADP
What is homeostasis?
• Maintenance of internal stability
• Maintaining internal conditions
What is the nucleus?
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•
•
•
Cell organelle
Stores DNA
“Control Center”
Contains info needed to make proteins
What’s found in the nucleus?
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•
•
•
DNA
Chromatin
Chromosomes
Nucleolus
What do mitochondria do?
• Cellular Respiration
• Release stored energy from carbohydrates
What is the function of the cell
membrane?
• Protect the cell
• Maintain what enters and exits
What is diffusion?
• The movement of molecules from an area
of HIGH to LOW concentration.
What is equilibrium?
• “Same” on “both sides”
What is active transport?
• Movement of particles against a
concentration gradient.
• ENERGY NEEDED!
What is osmosis?
• The movement of water molecules across
a semi-permeable membrane.
• High to Low water concentration.
What will happen to a salt-water
cell placed in fresh-water?
• It will burst
• Water will rush in
• High  Low
What are ribosomes?
• Cell organelles
• Make protein
What is an acid?
• Molecule which dissociates in water
• Releases Hydrogen Ions
What is a base?
• Molecule which dissociates in water
• Releases Hydroxide Ions
How does your blood maintain pH?
• Bicarbonate / Carbonate Buffer
• Too Acidic  Carbonate binds with H+ 
Bicarbonate
• Too Basic  Bicarbonate releases H+ 
Carbonate
How is matter related to all living
systems?
• All living systems are made of matter
• All living systems cycle and transfer matter