Organic and biochemistry
 Nomenclature of the aldehydes
and ketones
 Reactions of the carbonyl
compounds
 Esters.
Assistance Lecturer Amjad Ahmed Jumaa
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1
1-Nomenclature of aldehydes and ketones:
Aldehydes:
1-Common names:
Are derived from the names of the corresponding carboxylic acids by
replacing
–Ic of the acids by –aldehyde.
2- IUPAC nomenclature:
Follow the usual pattern, the longest chain carrying the –CHO group is
considered the parent structure and is named by replacing the –e of the
corresponding alkane by –al. the position of a substituent is indicated by a
number, the carbonyl carbon always being considered as C-1.
In the common name the (alpha) is corresponding to C-2 in the IUPAC name.
Look at the following examples:
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Ketones:
A ketone in which the carbonyl group is attached to a benzene ring is named
as a –phenone, as illustrated below.
the longest chain carrying the carbonyl group is considered the parent
structure, and is named by replacing the –e of the corresponding alkane with
–one. The positions of various groups are indicated by numbers, the
carbonyl carbon being given the lowest possible number.
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5
Problem: give the structure for the following ketones and aldehydes.
1-benzaldehyde. 2-(2-phenylbutanedial) 3-(benzylethylketone)
4-ethyl propyl ketone.
Solution:
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Follow problem: determine the structures for the following aldehydes and
ketones.
1-(dibenzylketone) 2-(benzophenone) 3-(5-hydroxybentanal) 4-(1-phenyl-1pentanol
Reactions of carbonyl compounds:
the carbonyl group, C=O, governs the chemistry of aldehydes and ketones. It
does this in two ways:
(a) By providing a site for nucleophilic addition, and
(b) By increasing the acidity of the hydrogen atoms attached to the alpha
carbon.
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The typical reaction of aldehydes and ketones is nucleophilic addition reaction.
1-oxidation. Just for aldehydes.
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Problem: write the structure and the name for the oxidation of furfural in the
presence of K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, and H2O?
Solution:
Follow problem: predict the name and the structure for the resulting
carboxylic acid form oxidation of the following aldehydes by using (K2Cr2O7,
H2SO4, H2O).
1-heptanal. 2-benzaldehyde 3-(para-tolualdehyde) 4-phenylacetaldehyde
5-formaldehyde.
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2-addition of derivatives of ammonia. For both aldehydes and ketones.
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Example:
Problem: give balanced equation for the following reaction in the acidic
medium:
1-heptanal with hydroxylamine.
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Solution:
Esters:
Closely related to the carboxylic acid and to each other are a number of
chemical families known as functional derivatives of carboxylic acid. These
derivatives are compounds in which the hydroxyl group –OH has been
replaced by –OR' group. The general formula of the esters is:
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