ORGANIC MOLECULES
• ALL ORGANIC MOLECULES CONTAIN
CARBON AND ARE FOUND IN
ORGANISMS
• THERE ARE 4 MAIN GROUPS
– CARBOHYDRATES
– LIPIDS
– Proteins
– NUCLEIC ACIDS
I. Carbohydrates
CARBOHYDRATES
• ARE SUGARS, STARCHES
• SERVE AS A FUEL SOURCE FOR CELLS ….
Example Glucose and then its turned into
ATP
• THEY ARE ALSO COMPONENTS OF CELL
MEMBRANES AND NUCLEIC ACIDS
• CARBOHYDRATES ARE CHAINS OF
CARBON ATOMS THAT ARE BONDED
TO HYDROXYL (OH) GROUPS AND
HYDROGEN ATOMS (H), they form a
ring.
• CARBOHYDRATES ARE MADE OF C, H
&O
• C,H & O ARE IN A 1:2:1 RATIO
• THERE ARE 3 MAIN GROUPS OF
CARBOHYDRATES
3 GROUPS OF CARBOHYDRATES
A. MONOSACCHARIDES- SIMPLE SUGARS
example: GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE, GALACTOSE
B. DISACCHARIDES- 2 SIMPLE SUGARS
example: LACTOSE, SUCROSE, MALTOSE
C. POLYSACCHARIDES- MANY SIMPLE
SUGARS example: STARCH, CELLULOSE,
GLYCOGEN
• SUGARS END IN
- OSE
A. MONOSACCHARIDES (monomer for
this group)
(monomer is one unit)
• GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE & GALACTOSE ARE
ISOMERS.
• ALL HAVE THE CHEMICAL FORMULA
C6H12O6
• ISOMERS- ARE MOLECULES WITH THE
SAME CHEMICAL FORMULA, BUT A
DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS.
Same chemical formula C6H12O6, different structural arrangement
Galactose
Glucose
Fructose
MONOSACCHARIDES: GLUCOSE
• GLUCOSE- BLOOD SUGAR – cells use
this for energy (ATP), which is
metabolized during cellular respiration.
Our major source is from fruits/plants.
Plants produce glucose during
photosynthesis. Plants also use it during
their own cellular respiration.
FRUCTOSE
FRUIT SUGAR
THE SWEETEST OF ALL THE
SUGARS
GALACTOSE
• NOT FOUND FREE IN NATURE,
ONLY IN MILK
• WE CANNOT USE GALACTOSE BUT
MUST CHANGE IT TO GLUCOSE
B. DISACCHARIDES – when two
monosaccharides bond in a
dehydration synthesis reaction H+ and
OH- are removed and form water
(also called a condensation reaction)
Examples of Dissacharides
1. LACTOSE: MILK SUGAR made
from: GLUCOSE + GALACTOSE
2. SUCROSE: TABLE SUGAR made
from: GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE
3. MALTOSE: MALT SUGAR made
from: GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE
C. POLYSACCHARIDES – three or
more monosaccharides
1. STARCH: STORAGE FORM OF GLUCOSE IN
PLANTS
2. GLYCOGEN: STORAGE FORM OF GLUCOSE IN
ANIMALS (in us it is in the liver)
3. CELLULOSE: CELL WALLS OF PLANTS FOR
STRENGTH
4. CHITIN – MAKES UP THE EXOSKELETON OF
ARTHROPODS
ALL 3 ARE LONG CHAINS OF
GLUCOSE
Review:
Functions of carbohydrates
• Provides quick energy in the form of
glucose
• Can also be stored in the form of glycogen
and starch
• Can be used structurally as in plants
(cellulose) and some animals (chitin)
LIPIDS
LIPIDS HAVE MANY DIFFERENT
FUNCTIONS
1. THEY ACT AS ENERGY
SOURCES
2. THEY CUSHION THE BODY.
3. THEY INSULATE
THE BODY.
THERE ARE 5 GROUPS OF LIPIDS
FATTY ACIDS
FATS
OILS
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
STEROLS
FATTY ACIDS
• ALL OF THEM HAVE AN EVEN NUMBER OF C
ATOMS.
• COOH - C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C
• ALL OF THEM HAVE A CARBOXYL GROUP (COOH) ON ONE END.
FATTY ACIDS
ARE CLASSIFIED IN 2 WAYS
1. BY THE LENGTH OF THE
CARBON CHAIN
2. BY HOW SATURATED THEY
ARE WITH H ATOMS
THE LENGTH OF THE CARBON CHAIN
SHORT CHAIN:
10 OR FEWER C ATOMS.
Eg. BUTTER
LONG CHAIN
12-18 C ATOMS. Eg.
ANIMAL FATS &
VEGETABLE OILS.
EXTRA-LONG CHAIN
20 OR MORE C ATOMS. Eg. FISH OILS.
HOW SATURATED THEY ARE
WITH H ATOMS
THERE ARE 3 DEGREES OF
SATURATION
SATURATED
MONOUNSATURATED
POLYUNSATURATED
SATURATED: HAVE AS MANY H
ATOMS AS POSSIBLE
COOH
H
H
H H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
MONOUNSATURATED: HAS ONE
DOUBLE BOND BETWEEN CARBON
ATOMS
COOH
H
H
H H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
POLYUNSATURATED: HAS 2 OR
MORE DOUBLE BONDS BETWEEN
CARBON ATOMS
H
COOH
C
C
H H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
FATS AND OILS
HOW ARE THEY DIFFERENT?
AT ROOM TEMPERATURE, FATS ARE SOLIDS AND
OILS ARE LIQUIDS
HOW ARE THEY SIMILAR?
BOTH CONTAIN GLYCEROL.
G
L
Y
C
E
R
O
L
H
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
ARE IMPORTANT IN CELL MEMBRANES
STEROIDS
ARE COMPOSED OF 4 CARBON RINGS
3
11
2
4
FUNCTIONS OF STEROIDS
• COMPOSE THE CELL MEMBRANE
• IMPORTANT IN THE PRODUCTION OF
HORMONES
• THE RAW MATERIAL OF VITAMIN D
• NECESSARY FOR BILE SALTS
• THE MOST IMPORTANT STEROID IS
CHOLESTEROL
• WHAT IS CHOLESTEROL?
• DEFINITION: A STEROID FOUND IN ANIMAL
FATS AND MOST BODY TISSUES; MADE BY
THE LIVER. WHITE AND FATTY IN NATURE.
NUCLEIC ACIDS
THERE ARE TWO
DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID)
RNA (RIBONUCLEIC ACID)
RNA
DNA
DNA
Double Stranded
Codes for proteins
RNA
Single Stranded
Helps interpret the code
Three types mRNA,
tRNA, rRNA (m and
t help with making
proteins and r makes
up ribosomes where
proteins are made)
Monomer is called a nucleotide for both (a nucleotide is made
up of a 5 Carbon sugar*, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen
base*)
PROTEINS
HAVE MANY FUNCTIONS
1. THEY MAKE UP THE STRUCTURAL AND
FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS OF CELLS/ OF
THE
BODY.
-Every organism has 1000’s of unique proteins
-Proteins are coded from DNA
LIKE MUSCLES
H
A
I
R
AND
NAILS
2. THEY ACT AS ENZYMES TO SPEED
UP CHEMICAL REACTIONS.
3. SOME ARE HORMONES.
4. SOME ARE IMPORTANT IN IMMUNITY.
5. SOME ARE IMPORTANT IN
TRANSPORT.
THEY MAKE UP BLOOD
HEMOGLOBIN.
PROTEIN STRUCTURE
• ALL PROTEINS CONTAIN C, H, O & N.
• AMINO ACIDS ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS.
• THERE ARE 20 DIFFERENT AMINO ACIDS
FOUND IN HUMANS.
• All aa’s have a central C that has a H,
COOH (carboxyl group), an amine group
(NH2), and an “R” group (a hydrocarbon
chain of 2- ? Carbons).
BASIC STRUCTURE OF AN
AMINO ACID
H
NH2
C
R
COOH
AMINO ACIDS
• THERE ARE 20 DIFFERENT AMINO ACIDS
• 11 ARE NONESSENTIAL, THE BODY CAN MAKE
THEM
• 9 ARE ESSENTIAL, THEY MUST BE IN OUR
DIET
• Two amino acids = dipeptide
• Three or more amino acids = polypeptide
• Remember ase = enzyme
CHARACTERISTICS OF ENZYMES
ARE DESTROYED BY:
HEAT
STRONG ACIDS
STRONG BASES
THEY COME OUT OF A REACTION
EXACTLY AS THEY WENT IN
THEY ARE SPECIFIC, THEY CATALYZE
A SINGLE REACTION
pH
• pH IS A WAY TO MEASURE THE ACIDITY
OR ALKALINITY (BASICITY) OF A
SUBSTANCE
• ACIDS HAVE A HIGH CONCENTRATION
OF (H+) H3O+ (Hydronium ions)
• BASES HAVE A HIGH CONCENTRATION
OF OH- (Hydroxide ions)
So the more hydronium ions you
have in a solution the stronger the
acid (means you have fewer
hydroxide ions)
The more hydroxide ions the
stronger the base (and the fewer
hydronium ions you have)
• Acids and bases are measured on
a scale called the pH scale (power
of Hydrogen). This scale
measures how many hydronium
ions (H3O+) are present in a
solution. The more hydronium
ions the more acidic (lower) the
pH, also the fewer the hydroxide
ions (OH-) . The more hydroxide
ions the higher the pH (more
alkaline – meaning a base) and the
fewer the hydronium ions
• THE pH SCALE RANGES FROM
1-14
• ON THE pH SCALE, 7 IS
NEUTRAL
• A pH BELOW 7 IS ACIDIC
• A pH ABOVE 7 IS (BASIC)
Alkaline
• THE FARTHER A pH IS FROM 7, THE
STRONGER THE SUBSTANCE IS
• BUFFERS ARE SUBSTANCES THAT HELP
STABILIZE pH IN THE BODY
• BICARBONATE/CARBONIC ACID IS THE
MOST Important buffer