Using Information
Technology
Chapter 11
Information Systems
1
Information Systems
Information Management & Systems
Development
11.1 Organizations, Managers, & Information
11.2 Computer-Based Information Systems
11.3 Systems Development: The Six Phases of
Systems Analysis & Design
2
11.1 Organizations, Managers,
& Information
•The flow of information within an organization:
• Horizontally - reflects functional areas
• Vertically - reflects management levels
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Departments
• Research and development (R&D)
• Production
• Marketing
• Accounting and finance
• Human resources (personnel)
4
Management Levels
•Top managers - concerned with long-range, or
strategic, planning and decisions
•Middle-level managers - make tactical decisions
to implement the strategic goals of the
organization
•Supervisory managers - make operational
decisions - predictable decisions that can be made
by following well-defined sets of routine
procedures
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Types of Information
•Structured information: detailed, current, not
subjective, concerned with past events, records a
narrow range of facts, and covers an
organization’s internal activities
•Unstructured information - summarized, less
current, highly subjective, concerned with future
events, records a broad range of facts, and covers
activities outside as well as inside an organization
•Semi-structured information - some structured
information and some unstructured information
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11.2 Computer-Based
Information Systems
• For lower managers:
TPSs
• For middle managers:
MISs and DSSs
• For top managers:
ESSs
• For all levels, including
nonmanagement:
OASs and ESs
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Transaction Processing System
(TPS)
•TPS - a computer-based information system that
keeps track of the transactions needed to conduct
business. Features include:
•
•
•
•
For lower managers
Produces detail reports
One TPS for each department
Basis for MIS and DSS
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Management Information System
(MIS)
•MIS - a computer-based information system that
uses data recorded by TPS as input into programs
that produce routine reports as output. Features
include:
• For middle managers
• Draws from all five departments
• Produces several kinds of structured reports
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Decision Support System (DSS)
• DSS - a computerbased information
system that provides
a flexible tool for
analysis and helps
managers focus on
the future. Features
include:
• For middle managers
• Produces analytic
models
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Executive Support System (ESS)
• ESS - an easy-to-use DSS made especially
for top managers; it specifically supports
strategic decision making
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Office Automation System (OAS)
• OAS - combination of various technologies to
reduce the manual labor required in operating
an efficient office
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11.3 Systems Development
•System - a collection of related components that
interact to perform a task in order to accomplish a
goal
•Participants in a project involving a new system or
changes to an existing one:
• Users
• Management
• Technical staff
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The Six Phases of Systems
Analysis & Design
SDLC
14
The First Phase: Conduct a
Preliminary Investigation
• Objectives:
1. Conduct the
preliminary analysis
2. Propose alternative
solutions
3. Describe the cost &
benefits
4. Submit a preliminary
plan
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The Second Phase: Do an
Analysis of the System
•
1.
2.
3.
Objectives:
Gather data
Analyze the data
Write a report
Data flow diagram
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The Third Phase: Design the
System
• Objectives:
1. Do a preliminary
design
2. Do a detail design
3. Write a report
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The Fourth Phase: Develop the
system
• Objectives:
1. Develop or acquire
the software
2. Acquire hardware
3. Test the system
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The Fifth Phase: Implement the
System
• Objectives:
1. Convert to the new
system
2. Train the users
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The Sixth Phase: Maintain the
System
• Objective:
• To adjust and improve
the system by having
system audits and
periodic evaluations
and by making
changes based on
new conditions
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