Classification
The evolution of Complexity:
single cell prokaryote to
multicellular eukaryotes
Aristotle to Linneaus
Taxonomy- classifying organisms
Binomial nomenclature and scientific names
Canis lupus, Turdis migratoris, Felis catus
Systematics- the study of biodiversity and its
classification, create phylogenies
Phylogeny- an organism’s evolutionary
history, a phylogenetic tree
Modern Classification System
• Domain
• Kingdom
•
•
•
•
•
•
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Archea, Eubacteria, and
Eukarya
Archeabacteria, Eubacteria,
Protista, Fungi, Plant, Animal
First part of Scientific name
Second part of Scientific name
Origin of Life
• Spontaneous Generation – Biogenesis
• Oparin and Stanley Miller
• Endosymbiosis
• What is a Virus?
Genetic material surrounded by a protein
coat, must have a host cell in order to
reproduce
Life cycles: Lytic (kills host cell) or
Lysogenic (incorporates DNA into host)
3 Domains
1. Archea
2. Eubacteria
3. Eukarya
Bacteria once belonged to the same Kingdom, but
through Molecular Biology and the study of
evolution, Biologist realized they had critical
differences and should be placed into their
own category so the “Domain” classification
level was created.
6 Kingdoms
Archea and Eubacteria
• Archea Kingdom
All prokaryotic single celled organisms.
No Peptidoglycan in cell wall
Most ancient and extreme
They live in the harshest environments
Methanogens (anaerobic), thermoacidophiles (hot)
and halophiles (salty)
• Eubacteria Kingdom
True bacteria, all prokaryotic single celled
Have Peptidoglycan in cell wall
Classified by their shape and gram staining
Shapes and
Examples
• Sphere- Cocci, can occur in chains Streptococcus
Pneumoniae which can cause strep throat or Scarlet
fever, or grapelike clusters Staphylococcus aureus which
can cause skin infections and Toxic Shock syndrome
• Rod- Bacillus ex Escherichia coli (E.coli), Lactobacilli
which can cause tooth decay or one strain makes
Sourdough bread, other bacilli can cause botulism,
typhoid fever, and anthrax
• Spiral- Spirilla comes in 3 shapes 1. Vibro which is
curved caused Cholera, 2. Spirillum (thick spiral), and 3.
Spirochete (thin spiral) ex. Treponema pallidum causes
Syphilis and another strain can cause Lyme disease
Essential Bacteria: ecosystems
depend on these small organisms
• Cyanobacteria- photosynthetic/producers,
building blocks of most aquatic food webs
• Nitrogen- Fixing Bacteria- symbiotic relationship
with plants, they help them absorb nitrogen from
the soil.
• Helpful: fermentation, digestion, biotechnology,
nitrogen fixing, decomposers, oxygen producers
• Antibiotics kill bacteria by destroying the cell
wall, gram negative have an extra lipid layer that
prevents the antibiotics from entering the cell.
Review of Bacteria
All bacteria:
• Reproduce asexually
• Single celled
• Have cell wall
• Single strand of DNA
Some Bacteria:
• Autotrophic
• Heterotrophic
• Some move by flagella,
slime, spiral motion
• Some produce
endospores which allow
them to go dormant
during hostile conditions
• Some produce toxins
Kingdom Protista
• Kingdom of Mostly single celled organisms
• Categorized by their likeness to 3 other
kingdoms
• All Eukaryotic some Autotrophic and some
Heterotrophic
Algae- Plant like Protist
• Algae or Plant-like, Autotrophic, classified by
pigment with no cell wall, come form elaborate
colonies and multicellular structures (kelp and
seaweed)
•
Chrysophyta- Golden Algae ex diatoms
•
Pyrrophyta- bioluminescent/glow
ex. Dinoflagellates
•
Euglenaphyta- ex Euglena
•
Rhodophyta- red
•
Phaeophyta- brown, seaweed and kelp
•
Chlorophyta- green, ex Volvox, Spirogyra
Images of algae
•
•
•
•
•
•
Volvox
Spirogyra
Red algae
Seaweed
Kelp
Diatoms
Protozoa or Animal like Protist
Protozoa or Animal-like, classified by mode of movement
•
Sarcodina ex. Amoeba- move by pseudopodia
“false foot”
•
Ciliophora ex Paramecium- move by cilia, tiny hairs
•
Zoomastigina ex Trypanosoma (African Sleeping
Sickness) moves by flagella
•
Sporozoa, are the parasitic animal like protista,
include Plasmodium which causes Malaria
Images of Protozoa
• Amoeba
• Paramecium
• Trypanosoma
Fungus-like Protista
• Fungus-like are all
Heterotrophic with no cell wall,
absorbing nutrients directly
through cell membrane
• Include Plasmodium or Slime
Molds and Downy Mildews
Kingdom Fungi
• All Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophs
(saprotrophs or detrivores living off
dead and decaying organisms or
decomposers), cell wall made of chitin
(type of protein), and classified by
reproductive structures.
• Fungi are important part of an ecosystem
because they recycle nutrients/
decomposers
Classifications of Fungi
• Club Fungi – Basidiomycota , Basidia, ex
Mushrooms
• Sac Fungi- Ascomycota, Asci, ex. Truffles,
Morels,Yeast, and Athletes Foot Fungus
• Zygote Fungi – Zygomycota, Sporangia, ex.
Bread molds
• Imperfect- Deuteromycota, reproduce asexually,
ex Penicillian
• Lichen- Mycophycophyta, symbiotic relationship
between fungus and photosynthetic cells of
cyanobacteria or algae.
Images of Fungi
Kingdom Plante
•
•
Multicellular, Eukaryotic, Cell wall made
of cellulose, Autotrophs, not capable of
movement, reproduce sexually some
produce spores and others seeds.
Most have vascular tissues which include
roots, stems, and leaves, and specialized
tissues called xylem and phloem.
Spore Producing Divisions of Plant
9 Divisions of Plants:
Spore producers
• Bryophyta only nonvascular plants, ex moss
and liverwort (gametophyte
dominant stage
of life cycle know as alternation of generations)
• Lycopodophyta ex. 1,000 species of Club and
Spike moss
• Sphenophyta ex. 10 species of Horsetails
• Filicinophyta ex 11,000 species of Ferns
(sporophyte dominant stage)
Spore producing plant images
Seed producing Divisions of Plants
• Gymnosperms: reproductive structure is the cone , “naked seed”
– Cycadophyta 200 species of these tropical plants
– Ginkgophyta 1 species remains the Gingko tree
– Coniferophyta 600 species of conifers, pine, spruce, cypress, juniper,
fir
– Gnetophyta 70 species of these arid/semi-desert dwelling plants
Angiosperms: reproductive structure is the flower, seeds are
surrounded by fleshy or dry fruit that ripen to encourage animals to
disperse the seeds.
30,000 or more identified species
maple, hickory, oak, aloe, roses, tulips, dogwood, magnolia, corn,
beans, tobacco, apple tree, pecan tree
Monocots – corn, grains, onion, with one seed leaf or cotyledon and
parallel veins on the leaf
Dicots- beans, with two seed leafs and branched veins on the leaf
Seed plants
Seed producers- gymnosperms
“Cone Bearers”
Flowering Plant images
• Produce flowers and fruits (fleshy or dry)
Parts of a Flower
Dry and Fleshy fruits
Other Plant Info.
Symbiotic relations ships:
Plants and Bacteria
Flower patterns and scent attract pollinators
Fruits promote seed dispersal by offering a sweet
reward to animals.
Plant Adaptations:
• hormones that control, phototropism (light),
geotropism (gravity), and thigmotropism (touch)
• specialized leaves (needles, spines, fuzzy,
waxy), specialized seed capsules (wind, float,
food, wings, burrs, sticky)
Animalia
multicellular, eukaryotic, no cell wall,
heterotrophs, capable of movement,
reproduce sexually, body symmetry (radial
or bilateral)
9 Phyla- 8 invertebrate and 1 vertebrate
Invertebrate- Porifera
http://www.oceanicresearch.org/education/wonders/sponges.html
• Porifera- two cell layers, collar cells
w/flagella, filter feeders, ex. sponges
Invertebrate- Cnidarian
http://www.oceanicresearch.org/education/wonders/cnidarian.html
• Cnidarians- Stinging cells, radial
symmetry, simple nervous system only
stimulus and response, central cavity only
one body opening, ex. jellyfish, coral,
hydra, sea anemone
Invertebrate- worms
• Plathyhelmenthes: flat worms, only one body
opening, three cell layers,ex. Tapeworm, Fluke,
Planarian, Marine worms
• Nematode: round worms, first with two body
openings, 3 cell layers, many parasitic,
Heartworm, Roundworm, Vinegar Eel
• Annelid: segmented worms, two body openings,
3 cell layers, beginning of circulatory system,
and digestive system (crop), ex. Earthworm and
Leech
Worm images
•
•
•
•
•
•
Tapeworm
Liver fluke
Marine flatworm
Heart worm
Earthworm
Leech
Invertebrate Mollusk
• soft body, more complex body systems
developing, eyes and nervous system,
levels of communication beyond stimulus
and response
3 classes
• Gastropod (snails and slugs),
• Cephalopod (squid octopus cuttlefish and
chambered nautilus),
• Bivalve (oyster, clam, mussel, scallop)
Mollusk images
http://www.oceanicresearch.org/education/wonders/mollusk.html
Snail
Slug
Octopus
Squid
Cuttlefish
Scallop
Invertebrate- Arthropod
• jointed legs, exoskeleton, body segments (head,
thorax, and abdomen), metamorphosis
(complete or incomplete)
4 classes:
Insect -6 legs (ant, grasshopper, beetle, bee,
wasp)
Arachnid -8 legs (spider, tick, horseshoe crab),
Crustacean -10 legs (shrimp, lobster, barnacles,
crayfish)
Myrapods -many legs, centipede and millipedes
Arthropod images
Invertebrate- Echinoderm
Characteristics: spiny skin, complex
regeneration capacity, found only in
marine environments, radial symmetry,
Examples: Sea urchin, Sand dollar, Starfish,
Sea cucumber
Vertebrates- Chordata
Chordate notachord, complex body systems,
sexual reproduction (internal or external
fertilization) 5 classes:
Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
Fish
• Fish, moist skin covered in scales, gills to
breathe, 2 chambered heart, cold blooded,
3 types:
1. bony ex Trout, Salmon, Bass, Catfish,
Grouper, Tarpon.
2. jawless, ex. Lamprey and tunicates
3. cartilaginous ex. Sharks and Rays
Fish images
Amphibian
• Amphibian, cold blooded, 3 chambered
heart, born in water, develop lungs,
smooth moist skin, ex. salamander, newts,
frogs, and toads (only dry skin)
Reptile
• Reptile, dry leathery skin with scales, cold
blooded, 3 chambered heart,
amniote/terrestrial eggs, ex. Lizards,
snakes, turtles, alligator, crocodile
Birds
• Bird, warm blooded, 4 chambered heart,
hollow bones, body with feathers
Mammal
• Mammal, warm blooded, 4 chambered
heart, milk producers, body with hair/fur
• Placental (live birth)
• Marsupial (pouch) ex. Kangaroo and Koala
• Monotremes (egg) ex Platypus and Echidna
Animal Behaviors
Innate:
•
•
•
Instincts- complex pattern of innate behaviors, reflexes, fight or flight,
courtships, species recognition (language, song, flashes of pattern/light)
Territory- physical space needed for breeding, feeding, and shelter,
organisms can expend a lot of energy defending territory some will fight to
the death.
Migration- instinctive seasonal movement, response to a changing
environment, includes hibernation (cold) and estivation (dry and hot)
Learned:
•
•
Habituation- animal repeats a successful behavior, and does not repeat an
unsuccessful behavior, birds learn which moths are poisonous by color and
avoid eating them after becoming ill or getting a bad taste. Deer return to
the same grazing field when successful.
Imprinting – salmon and turtles return to same stream or beach to lay eggs
in which they hatched, the environment left an imprint or memory
Adaptations for Defense:
• Mechanical- physical structures
• Chemical- stinging sensations, poisons,
bad taste, paralysis
• Camouflage- color or pattern that blend
into environment
– Disruptive- ex zebra
– Cryptic- ex chameleon and squid
– Countershading- ex Fish have light belly and
dark back