KINGDOMS ARCHAEBACTERIA, EUBACTERIA & PROTISTA
I.
Superkingdom Prokaryota
Superkingdom Prokaryotes = Domain Archaea and Domain Eubacteria = Monerans =
“bacteria”
A. Characteristics of Prokaryotes
1. Cellular structure
a. Most lack nuclear membrane
b. Have ribosomes, but most have no other organelles
2. Binary fission (asexual reproduction) - some divide every 20 min.
3. Endospores - survive unfavorable conditions
4. Examples
a. Saprophytic decomposers - important in ecosystem recycling
b. Anaerobes
i.
Live in gut / soil
ii. Breakdown macromolecules or synthesize
molecules used by host
iii. Base of foodwebs under anaerobic conditions
5. Metabolic processes utilized
a. Fermentation
b. Anaerobic electron transport (glycolysis)
c. Chemosynthesis
B. Domain Archaea consists of the Kingdom Archaebacteria
1. Oldest Kingdom on Earth
a. Ancestors of all other organisms on Earth
i.
One branch evolved to become Eubacteria
ii. Another branch evolved to become Protista, and
later, the Kingdoms Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia
iii. A third branch did not evolve or experienced little
change and is represented by modern
Archaebacterial species
b. Earliest fossils: 3.2-3.8 billion years old
2. Phyla
a. Methanogens (produce CH4 as waste product)
b. Halophiles
c. Extreme thermophiles
Chemosynthetic bacteria
i.
ii.
Oxidize inorganic compounds for food
Base of foodweb 1.5 miles below ocean surface
O2 + 4H2 S + CO2 + geothermal energy  (CH2 O)x + 4S + 3H2 O
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C. Domain Eubacteria (Domain Bacteria) consists of the Kingdom Eubacteria
1. Heterotrophic bacteria
a. Shapes
i.
Coccus (round)
ii. Bacillus (rods)
iii. Spirillium (spirals)
b. Some cause diseases (pathogens)
i.
Gonorrhea
ii. Chlamydias (sexually transmitted urethritis)
iii. Syphilis
iv.
Lyme disease
v.
Tetanus
vi.
Anthrax
2. Photosynthetic bacteria = Cyanobacteria = “Blue-green algae”
a. Chlorophyll a
b. Most likely the organisms that changed the atmosphere from
reducing to oxidizing
c. Large mats exist in oceans today
d. Algal blooms = sign of pollution / danger (cultural eutraphication)
 nutrients   cyanobacteria   nutrients   cyanobacteria  detritus  O2
 death of fish
II.
Superkingdom Eukaryota consists of the Domain Eukarya
Superkingdom Eukaryota = Domain Eukarya = Kingdom Protista + Kingdom Plantae
+ Kingdom Fungi + Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom Protista (aquatic)
A. Protozoa (animal-like protists)
1. Amoebas; move via pseudopods
2. Ciliates
3. Flagellates
a. Guiardia
b. Red tide and Pfeisteria (dinoflagellates)
4. Sporozoa
a. Nonmotile
b. ex:
1) malaria (Plasmodium)
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B.
1.
2.
3.
4.
C
2) toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma) cat feces -- humans (birth
defects)
Algae (plantlike protists)
Green - ancestors of plants
ex: sea lettuce
Golden-brown
diatoms– base of foodweb in most freshwater streams
Brown
Fucus
Sargassum
Red - coral-like
Euglenoids
animal-like
motile
flexible
2.
plant-like
photo
chloroplasts
1.
D. Slime molds & water molds (Fungi-like protists)
1. Slime molds
produce windblown spores like fungi
ingest food like amoebas
2. Water molds
saprophytic, external digestion, & threadlike body like fungi
diploid cells (unlike haploid fungi)
ex: potato famine (1845 - 1860)
III.
Distribute handout: "Plant/Animal Evolution"
IV. Homework:
OUTDOOR LECTURE next session be prepared:
Wear appropriate clothing.
Bring clipboard.
Bring seat cushion. (optional)
Bring Evolutionary Tree and Plant/Animal Evolution handout
Review the “Evolutionary Tree”
Study handout, Plant/Animal Evolution
Required and Extra Credit: DUE AT START OF NEXT LECTURE: (see outline of
homework for details)
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