Agenda 12-1-14
• Get a new bell work sheet
– MME 93-94
• Get Chromebooks or use your phones
– Look at grades in StudentVue
• Note Cards or Vocabulary over Section 1
• Notes over the Franks
– Writing the white
Agenda 12-1-14
• Get a new bell work sheet
– MME 93-94
• Get Chromebooks or use your phones
– Look at grades in StudentVue
• Note Cards or Vocabulary over Section 1
• Notes over the Franks
– Writing the white
Vocab Words
Section 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Middle Ages:
Cultural Diffusion:
Plunder:
Anglo Saxons:
“Mayor of the Palace”
Charles Martel
(Charles the Hammer):
7. Emperor of Rome:
8. Charlemagne:
9. Mergovingians
10. Feudalism
11. Manorialism
Early Middle Ages
The Rise of the
Franks
Learning Goal
1. Students will be able to explain the role that
the Franks had in uniting France and all of
the Germanic Tribes.
The Frankish Rulers
• After the breakup of Western Roman Empire,
there was a scene of widespread disorder.
• Barbarian invasions would bring new
customs & life styles. Cultural Diffusion
• 400 to 1500 are the years where we develop
into the Western Culture. Middle Ages =
Medieval Europe.
Germanic Tribes
• Franks would Plunder Europe.
– Plunder: to take the goods of by force
• Sack or Steal
• (Merovingian's) strongest Frankish Family led by
Clovis
– Took over and absorbed other Frankish Tribes.
Effects of Germanic Invasions on Western Europe
• Disruption of Trade – businesses failed, money worthless, no available goods.
• Cities abandoned – no government officials or security; frightened people fled.
• Population shifts – move to rural areas to grow food / become self-sufficient.
• Decline of Learning – few are literate and classical Greek knowledge fades.
• Loss of Common language – different dialects and new languages develop
Clovis
– Kept his promise & became a Catholic Christian
like his Roman subjects.
– Received the backing of the Church
– Died and son split up Gaul
• All Kings after Clovis were weak
• New position (Mayor of the Palace)
• Real ruler Pepin II 687 to 714 lower title than
the king
Kingdom United
• Charles Martel
– Son of Pepin II
– Charles the Hammer
• Defeated the Spanish Moors in 732 stopped
the Muslim advance in western Europe.
• First Large scale religious war.
– Pepin III (Short)
• Merovingian Kingdoms joint Mayor
Carloman
–Overthrew Childeric III last king
Pepin III (Short)
• Established the Carolingians
–New line of Frankish Rulers
• Pope confirmed his authority
• Why would the Pope confirm Pepin’s
authority?
• Pope would need Pepin III’s help
–Pepin III led a Frankish army into Italy and
Defeated the Lombard's
Pepin III (Short) Cont.
• Alliance with Catholic Church
–Made Frankish Empire Stronger
–Made Catholic Church Stronger
• Charlemagne
–Pepin III Son
–Greatest Frankish King
Pepin II (Mayor of the Palace)
Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer)
Pepin III (Short)
Charlemagne (Greatest Frankish King)
Charlemagne
Charles The Great
Left: Statue of
Charlemagne today in
Aachen, Germany
(once Aix-la-Chapelle,
France –
Charlemagne’s
capital).
Right: The impressive
empire created by
Charlemagne – the
largest in Europe
since the fall of Rome.
“Charlemagne was the most potent prince with the
greatest skill and success in different countries
during the 47 years of his reign. Great and powerful
as was the realm of Franks, [Charlemagne] received
from his father Pepin III, he nevertheless still
splendidly enlarged it… in fact, he almost doubled
it.”
- Einhard, The Life of Charlemagne (810 A.D.)
THE CAROLINGIAN RENAISSANCE at the Palace School
CHARLES
“Charlemagne”
Kingdom
of
Franks
Charlemagne's Chapel at his Court
in Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle)
In 800, Charlemagne traveled to Rome to capture a mob that
had attacked the Pope.
In gratitude, on Christmas Day, 800 A.D.
Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor.
Significant that a Pope was claiming the “right” to confer the title “Roman Emperor”
on a European king.
1. What was the significance of
Charlemagne’s coronation as emperor?
It symbolized the joining of the Church
with the Germanic Powers and the
heritage of the old Roman Empire.
It is also significant in that the Pope
assumed the power to bestow such title
and crown upon a political ruler.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
2. How did Charlemagne govern his unified
kingdom?
He sent out agents to see that his Counts
governed their counties justly;
regularly visited every part of his kingdom;
served as judge, settling disputes;
and personally managed his huge estates –
the source of his wealth and power.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Fourteen years
after being crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the
Pope, in 814 A.D. Charlemagne died.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Charlemagne’s jewel-encrusted tomb
in the Aachen cathedral.
A year before he died, Charlemagne himself crowned his
only son, Louis the Pious, his heir. Devoutly religious, Louis
was a weak ruler.
Louis left three sons: Lothair, Charles the Bald, Louis the
German.
These grandsons of Charlemagne fought each other
for control of the Empire.
Their civil war ended in 843 The Treaty of Verdun
divided the former great empire of Charlemagne into
three small kingdoms.
The lack of strong rulers in Europe now led to a new system
of governing and landholding which we will examine next …
Feudalism.
Feudalism
&
Manorialism
Learning Goal:
1. Students will be able to understand the effect
that Charlemagne had on the Frankish Empire.
2. Students will be able to understand the impact
the hierarchy of feudalism.
3. Students will be able to understand the impact
that feudalism had on medieval Europe.
4. Students will be able to understand the impact
that the Manorial System had on shaping society
in medieval Europe.
Feudalism
• Feudalism: the system of political
organization in Europe from the 9th to about
the 15th centuries having as its basis the
relation of lord to vassal with all land held in
fee and as chief characteristics homage, the
service of tenants under arms and in court,
wardship, and forfeiture
Feudalism Cont.
• It is the process of a noble giving land to a
person and they will swear loyalty to that
person.
• The System
• P. Noble gives land to lesser noble. P.N owns
land. Product of the land belongs to the
Lesser Noble.
• L.N. (Maintains the land.) Promises loyalty,
military assistance
Fief - Granting of land by a P.N.
Lord- Owner of the Land
Vassal- Person who receives the land
Feudalism Cont.
• Vassal- Can divide the land and grant it to
others like Knights, this means he could be a
Lord also.
• Every Land holder was a vassal to the kingking only controlled those who lived on their
land.
• Fief- was a hereditary position- passed from
vassal to son.
• Primogeniture- Father to oldest son for
inheritance
Effects on Society
• Nobles- opportunity for glory and wealth
• Majority of people- suffering and hardship
Those who fought : nobles, knights, and kings
Those who prayed : the Church’s Clergy (priests, bishops, monks)
Those who worked : Peasants (serfs)
Social class was usually inherited.
Those who fought
Those who prayed
Those who worked
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Warfare
• Small Wars- Private Fights between feudal
lords, or lords and vassals
• Large Wars- Knights, Whole Regions
• Church- Limited acts of violence and private
warfare near churches and holy buildings,
cattle and agricultural equipment as well as
clergy, women, merchants
• (Tried to set days that war could not occur
on)
Feudal Justice
Trial was different than Roman Trials
• Trial by battle
• Compurgation; oath taking
• Trial by ordeal
Trial by battle
• Accuser and accused, outcome determined
guilt or innocence
Compurgation
• (Accuser and accused), were supported by
people who swore that the person they
represented was telling the truth. Oath takers
= Character witnesses
Trial by ordeal
• determined by how the accused survived a
particular ordeal. (Carry a hot piece of iron,
plunge hands in boiling water, survive extreme
cold. If wounds healed quickly = Innocents; if
not guilty
Early Waterboarding
Manorial System
• Manorialism- gained name from manors,
which were large farming Estes, villages, fields,
pastures, woodlands.
• Those living on manors had to produce food,
clothing and shelter. Bought iron, salt, wool
and wine
– Had to be self-sufficient
• Peasants farmed all of the land kept 2/3
• lord kept 1/3 (Domain) + Paid taxes to the lord
• Planted on three fields left one to regain fertility
and rotated planting
Open Field
Peasant Life
• Long hours planting
• Peasants called - Serfs- could not leave land
without lord's permission.
• Food- Black bread, lentils, some vegetables,
ale (alcoholic beverage) forbidden to hunt on
the lords land
Noble Lifestyles
• Upper class very often lived in elegant castles
(not even as well of as we are today)
• Castle was a fortified base of protectionmade of wood and land at first- built on hills
to prevent attacks. Moat protected the castle.
• (Keep) main part of castle- storerooms,
workshops, and perhaps barracks and the
lord's living quarters.
Chivalry
• A system of rules that dictated knight's
behavior towards others.
• Knight- had to be part of the noble class
Code of Chivalry
– Be loyal, brave, courteous;
– Defend the “3 masters”
• your Lord God,
• your feudal lord,
• and your lady;
– Protect the weak / poor.
Education to be a knight
– At age 7 – began training as a “page” in a lord’s
castle
• Serve as a knight's page, or attendant. Learn
knightly manners, care for weapons
– At age 14 – began training as a “squire” acting as a
servant to a knight.
• Assistant to the knight, horse, armor, and
weapons. Accompany him into battle then would
be latter crowned into a knight.
– At age 21 – becomes a knight
Weapons / Equipment
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Saddles, stirrups, armor,
High-flying missiles.
Crossbow
Armor- chain mail- small interlocking metal links,
stitched to knee-linked leather shirt.
Iron Helmet, Sword, large shield and a lance.
Late Middle ages- metal plates were added to the
chainmail
Knights would have to be lifted to their horse because
of weight.
Horse- like a Clydesdale or Percheron
Neighboring Towns
• War games- Fighting in local wars and in
tournaments (mock battles) kept knights
trained and in shape.
• Castles
– The lived in and protected home of feudal lords –
designed as fortresses with massive walls and
guard towers.
The Church
in The
Middle Ages
Hierarchy
• The medieval church had broad political
powers, Europe's central governments
were weak, if they existed at all.
• Filled the need for leader
• Church's powers extended across
kingdoms and through every social and
political level.
Pope Has the final say and is the Top
Pope Francis meeting with Cardinals
Parish Priest
• Lowest rank, smallest division of the church
• Served the people of his parish
• Responsible for religious instruction and for the
moral and spiritual life of the community as a whole
• Could administer 5 of the seven sacraments
–
–
–
–
–
Baptism
Holy Communion
Penance
Matrimony
Anointing of the sick and dying
Cardinals
• The "princes of the church" advised the pope
on legal and spiritual matters.
• 1100's on the cardinals could elect the pope.
• A commoner could move up in the churchhad to have great ability, and did not happen
often.
• Pope Leader of the Church
The Church and Medieval Life
• Political Role- Papal States- pope was both
political and religious leader
• Cannon Law- church's code of law
–Excommunication- pushed fear on
society because they could be removed
• Interdict- Close Church down and forbade
performing marriage, burials, or other
sacrament.
• Heretics- preached beliefs not approved by
the church
Church & Taxing
• Tithe- one-tenth of a Christian person's
income (income from land also)
• Problems- wealth lead to many problems
– Lay investiture- practice of a noble, such as
a king, appointing a friend or relative to be
a bishop or abbot.
– Buy high positions within the church
Simony
– Search of Heretics is known as Inquisition
Struggle in England & France
Anglo-Saxon
• 450 Roman Rule had ended in Brittan after
the legions withdrew
• Germanic tribes moved into the island, first as
raiders, then as settlers.
• (Anglo Saxon) Combining of the Angles and
Saxons
• Shires- A division of land into districts,
governed by a Shire-reeve (sheriff)
Norman Conquest of England
• Edward the Confessor dies
• William of Normandy and French Harold of
Wessex both say they are king of England
– William win the battle at Hastings in
October 1066.
– In December he was crowned King William
I of England
• Noble language was French
• Peasant language was Anglo-Saxon
William the Conqueror
• 1066 to 1087
• Nobles were the leaders and told the king
what to do in England before he ruled
• Made the English Feudalism similar to that of
French Feudalism
• Made Nobles swear to HIM
• Made all Nobles his vassals and gave them fief
Created a strong central government
Property
• Sheriffs arbitrated legal cases in the shire courts on
behalf of the king, extracted tax payments and were
generally responsible for keeping the peace.
• How many peasants they had, land holdings and
house
• This would allow him to accurately tax the Nobles.
• "The Domesday Book" was commissioned in 1085 as a
survey of land ownership to assess property and
establish a tax base.
• Within the regions covered by the Domesday
survey, the dominance of the Norman king and his
nobility are revealed: only two Anglo-Saxon barons
that held lands before.
Successors
• Henry I
• Exchequer- handled king’s finances
– Central Government more efficient
• Law System
– Traveling Judges
• Tried cases
• Made lords weaker
Successors
• Henry II
–Instead of nobles fighting they could now pay
him a fee
• Used money to hire missionaries
• Legal system
–Traveling Judges
• Established routes, circuit courts
–Developed 12 man jury system
»Decided Civil and Criminal Cases
• Replaced trial by ordeal or battle
Henry’s Sons
• King John
– led revolt against nobles
– Nobles-Barons joined against the king and his
demands
• Magna Carta Latin “Great Charter”
–Protected liberties of the Nobles
–Created the Great Council (Church leaders &
Nobles)
»Determined rules and laws
»Taxes
–He decided not sell, refuse, or delay justice
–King had to face rules or could be overthrown
King John Signing Magna Carta
June 15, 1214
Common Law
• Law based on customs and judges’
decisions, rather than written codes.
– Common Law- living law that was changing
to meet changing conditions
Parliament
• Creation of the two houses
– House of lords
• Nobles and Clergy
– House of Commons
• Knights and Burgesses
• Advised king had right to turn down new
taxes
House of Parliament Built 1834