Unit 1, Toic 1 - Restless Earth – Key Words
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Earth structure
Inner core
Outer core
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Mantle
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Lithosphere
Asthenoshere
Basalt
Granite
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Magnetosphere
Magma
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Lava
Tectonic plates
Geothermal heat
Radioactive decay
Name
Location
Development
Plate boundary
Eruption type
Impacts
Hazard
management
Name
Location
Development
Plate boundary
Magnitude
depth
Impacts
Hazard
management
Building design
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Plate boundaries
Continental crust (less
dense)
Oceanic crust (more
dense)
Convection currents
Plumes
Constructive plate
boundaries
Destructive plate
boundaries
Subduction
Conservative plate
boundaries
Collision zones
Hot spots
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Tectonic hazards
Volcano
Shield volcano
Strato volcano
Lava flows
Pyroclastic flows
Ash
Lahars (mud slide)
Volcanic bombs
Lava bomb shelter
Lahar channels
Seismometers
Tiltmeters
Gas monitors
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Earthquake
Seismometer
Richter scale
Epicentre
Focus
Magnitude
Aftershocks
Primary effects
Secondary effects
Local responses
International responses /
aid / relief
Earthquake proof buildings
Shock absorbers
Case studies (examples)
Compare volcanoes
Mount Nyiragongo
Mt St Helens
Dem. Rep. of Congo - Africa
USA
Developing
Developed
Constructive - plates pulling
Destructive – subduction (OC under CC)
apart
Runny basalt lava, not explosive Very explosive, little lava, ash, pyroclastic flow
57 died, evacuated area, US
100 died, 12,500 homes destroyed (not well built),
government looked after those
400,00 evacuated many refugees, government could
who lost homes / businesses
not afford to look after everyone, international aid
etc.
needed.
People are not insured, poor
Volcano is monitored with the latest technology so
communications can prevent
eruptions can be predicted and people warned.
warnings getting through,
Detailed evacuation plans in place,
government struggles to cope.
Volcanic bomb shelters.
Government can cope.
Compare earthquakes
Kobe
Haiti
Port au Prince -Haiti –
Japan
Caribbean
Developing
Developed
Destructive – subduction (OC
Destructive – subduction (OC under CC)
under OC)
7.0
7.2
8 miles
9.6 miles
220,000 died, 300,000 injured =, 5000 died, roads collapsed, fires caused by broken
300,000 houses ruined
gas pipes, port damaged, 300,000 homeless,
Cholera broke out due to poor
water supply afterwards.
Very poor country - government Area is monitored with seismometers, tiltmeters, lasers
struggles to cope – international etc to help prediction. Detailed plans in place,
aid needed to help. Still not
earthquake drills at school for kids, Government can
rebuilt.
cope.
Not much money so limited –
Earthquake proof buildings, shock absorbers in
thatched roofs are light (thatch
foundations, cross bracing, damper in roof. Shatteretc) cross-braced wooden frame proof windows. Strong steel frame.
adds support.