HONORS MIDTERM EXAM REVIEW 2015-2016
PROCESS SKILLS:
Observation and inference
Basic units of measurement: length, volume, mass
Interpreting data and graphs
Biology equipment (id and use)
Scientific method
Independent vs. dependent variable
BIOCHEMISTRY:
4 groups of organic compounds
Carbohydrates –basic unit, examples of dissacharides and polysaccharides
Lipids –basic unit, hydrophobic vs. hydrophilic, saturated vs. unsaturated
Proteins – basic unit, structure of basic unit, enzymes
Enzymes -- how do they work? What are types of inhibitors?
Protein structure -- primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
Nucleic Acids -- what are examples? Basic unit?
CELL AND DIFFUSION:
Microscope (label and functions)
Cell theory (what is it and how was it
developed?)
Cell diversity (shape, size, internal
organization)
Why are cells small (re: video demo)
Cell membrane/cell wall
Cytoplasm
Organelles (know functions) ribosome, rough
ER, smooth ER, golgi apparatus, mitochondria,
lysosomes, microtubules, microfilaments, cilia,
flagella, nucleus, nuclear envelope, nucleolus,
vacuole.
Plant vs. Animal cells
Homeostasis
Diffusion
Concentration gradient (equilibrium)
Concentration (what is it? How to increase?
How to decrease?)
Solute
Solvent
Permeable, semipermeable, impermeable
Osmosis (hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic)
Turgor pressure (plasmolysis, cytolysis)
Contractile Vacuole
Active transport
Facilitated diffusion
Endocytosis and exocytosis
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
What is cellular respiration
What does our body use as energy? How is energy obtained from this?
Structure of ATP
Know the overall equation of cellular respiration
Glycolysis, what is it and where does it occur?
Kreb’s cycle, what is it and where does it occur?
Electron transport chain, what is it and where does it occur?
Chemiosmosis, what is this? how does it work? How is ATP made from this?
How many ATP’s are made from one glucose molecule in aerobic respiration
Anaerobic vs. Aerobic respiration…what is the difference and why do they both occur?
Lactic acid fermentation
Alcoholic fermentation
PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
Know the three sets of reactions for photosynthesis and where each takes place
What absorbs light in plants?
How does light travel? What is this relationship to color?
What are the three things that can happen when light is absorbed?
Know the different pigments: chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, accessory pigments
Structure of a chloroplast
What is made from the light reaction? How is it made?
What goes on in the following: Carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration
DNA
DNA structure: how discovered, antiparallel, nucleotide
DNA history: Chargaff, Watson, Crick, Franklin, Wilkins (know how each of these contributed)
DNA replication: which model…how discovered, leading and lagging strand, Okazaki fragments,
replication bubble, enzymes involved
RNA structure- differences than DNA, the 3 types and their function
Protein synthesis- Why proteins? Transcription, Translation
Mutations: point vs. frameshift (effect on protein)
Genetic technology: DNA analysis, restriction enzymes, charge on DNA, which travel where and why,
how plasmids are used, gel electrophoresis.