Biology 1406 Review Sheet
Chapter 1 : Introduction : Themes in the Study of Life
The hierarchy of biological organization, Cells are organism’s basic units of
structure and function- Know the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells,
Classification of organisms into Kingdoms and feature of each kingdom, Darwin-theory
of evolution.
Chapter 2 : The Chemical Context of Life
Know the definitions of the followings: Matters, mass, elements-essential to life, trace elements, Atomic structure-subatomic
particles (electrons, protons and neutrons), Atomic numbers, atomic mass/number and
their relationships, Isotopes- Why radioisotopes are important, Energy- difference
between potential and kinetic energy, energy shells/levels, valence electrons, Difference
between different types of chemical bonds- Covalent –polar and nonpolar, ionic bonds,
hydrogen bonds, Chemical reactions.
Chapter 3 : Water and the Fitness of the Environment
Know the characteristics of the followings: Structure of water molecules and bonding, its properties – surface tension, specific heat,
heat of vaporization, solvent of life, hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of water,
How to make % and molar solution , What is pH and , acids and bases, buffers.
Chapter 4 : Carbon and the Molecular diversity of Life
Organic chemistry- carbon structure and skeletons, Different types of isomers and
functional groups of organic compounds.
Chapter 5 :The Structure and Function of Macromolecules
Be familiar with definitions and/or characteristics of the followings
Polymer principles- monomers and polymers, Different types of polymers (homo
polymer and hetero polymer) and their bonding and their building blocksCarbohydrate- Structure and different types of monosaccharides, disaccharides,
polysaccharides (difference between amylose and glycogen);
Lipids- Structure and different types of Fats (difference between saturated and
unsaturated), Phospholipids , steroids-Cholesterol;
Proteins- Four different levels of protein structure(primary, secondary, tertiary and
quaternary) and their complexity and conformation;
Nucleic acid- Structure and difference between DNA and RNA.
Chapter 6 : A Tour of the Cell :
Be familiar with structure and functions of following cell organelles and where
they are found in different organisms —
nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles,
mitochondria, chloroplasts, peroxisomes, glyoxysome, cytoskeleton, cell wall and cell
junctions. Know about the size of cells. Different types of Microscopes, centrifuges and
uses. Comparative studies of animal and plant cells, and difference between cellular
organelles.
Chapter 7 : Membrane structure and function :
The detail microscopic structure of plasma membrane-what is fluid mosaic
model? Traffic across membrane by passive and active transports. Be familiar with
characteristics of followings -Diffusion, Osmosis, different type of concentration
gradients (hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic), Sodium-potassium pumps, electrogenic
pump, cotransport, Exocytosi and endocytosis transport of large molecules by
phagocytosis, pinocytosis and receptor mediated endocytosis.
Chapter 8 : An Introduction to Metabolism :
Laws of thermodynamics, Concept of free energy, Exergonic and Endergonic
reactions, ATP structure and cycle, How do the enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions?
How do the physical and chemical environment affects enzymes activity, cofactors, and
inhibitors, Allosteric regulation
Chapter 9 : Cellular Respiration : Harvesting chemical energy :
Be familiar with definition and/or characteristics of followings:
Cellular respiration, fermentation- alcoholic and lactic acid, redox reactions, NAD and
NADH + H, Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain, Chemiosmosis, ATP
synthetase, Oxidative and substrate level phosphorylation, Catabolism of various food,
Feedback mechanisms to control cellular respiration.
Know chemical equation of respiration. Concept of oxidation and reduction reaction.
How much energy -Kcal energy release from one mole of glucose, one mole of ATP and
one mole of NADH? Know the outline of different three metabolic stages of respiration where it occurs and what are the products comes out from each stages in different steps.
Know how many numbers of ATP produced during various stages of respiration and the
maximum energy yield by complete degradation of glucose. Difference between aerobic
and anaerobic respiration, cellular respiration and fermentation, oxidative and substrate
level phosphorylation.
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Chapter 10 :-Photosynthesis
Different mode of nourishment of living organisms-autotrophs and hetrotrophs, site of
photosynthesis, splitting of water, type of pigments – chlorophyll –a,-b; carotenoids,
pathways of photosynthesis and difference between them- light reactions
(cyclic and noncyclic electron flow, photosystems- I and II), and Calvin cycle or C3 cycle
and its three phases, Photorespiration, different type of alternative plants-C4 and CAM
.
Chapter 11 :- Communication between mating yeast cells, local and distant cell
communication in animal and plants, cell signaling-primary receptor, secondary
meesengers
Chapter 12 :- Function of cell division, chromosome structure and chromatids, cell
cycle, stages of mitotic cell division in plant and animal cells, Cytokinesis, Binary fission
in bacteria, Cell- cycle check point.
Chapter 13 :- Gene, karyotype, syngamy or fertilization, difference between asexual and
sexual reproduction, homologous and heterologous chromosome, autosome and sex
chromosome, haploid an diploid cells, gametophyte and sporophyte, brief idea of meiosis
cell division – chiasmata, crossing over, a comparison of mitosis and meiosis, genetic
variation among offspring.
Chapter 14 :- Mendel’s law of segregation- monohybrid cross ratio, test cross to test
genotype of dominant characters, dihybrid cross ratio, incomplete dominance in
snapdragon, multiple alleles, epistasis, difference between alleles, homozygous and
heterozygous, phenotype and genotype.
Chapter 15 :- Chromosomal basis of Mendel’s laws, Alterations of chromosome
number or structure cause genetic disorders.
Chapter 16 :- Griffith experiment and Hershey-Chase experiment to prove DNA as
genetic material, Structure of DNA strand, double helix model and base pairing rule,
DNA replication- three models, different enzymes plays a role f or the synthesis of
leading and lagging strands during DNA replication by semi conservative method.
Chapter 17 :- Detail process of transcription and translation of protein synthesis,
Genetic code, RNA splicing, Point mutation, Mutagens.
Chapter 18 :- Operons concept – repressible and inducible, eukaryotic gene and
transcription, microRNA, siRNA, embryo development, Cancer cell signaling pathway,
oncogene.
Chapter 19 :- Virus structure ,shape, reproduction, Lysogenic and lytic cell cycle by
phage, HIV reproductive cycle, virus, viroids and prions and disease in plants and
animals.
Chapter 20 :- DNA cloning, restriction enzymes, Plasmid , phage and BAC library,
cDNA- RT-PCR, gel electrophoresis, PCR, Southern blotting, Northern blotting, DNA
sequencing, gene therapy.