AP Psychology Review Day
LEARNING
~Classical Conditioning
UCS, UCR, CS, CR (acquisition)
Pavlov, Watson
Shaping, extinction, generalization, discrimination, spontaneous recovery
Operant Conditioning
Positive & Negative Reinforcement, Punishment
Continuous vs. Partial reinforcement
Fixed/Variable; Ratio/Interval
Observational Learning
Bandura; modeling
MEMORY
~Three models of memory
1. Information processing model
Encoding, storage, retrieval
2. Levels of Processing Theory (aka. Semantic Network Theory)
shallow processing, deep processing, self-reference effect
3. Atkinson-Shiffrin model
A. Sensory Memory
Visual encoding, Iconic memory, Acoustic encoding, Echoic memory, Selective attention, Automatic
processing, Parallel processing, Effortful processing
B. Short-term Memory
Rehearsal, Chunking, Mnemonic devices, Method of Loci, Peg Word System
C. Long-term Memory (LTM)
Explicit Memory (Semantic memory, Episodic memory)
Implicit Memory (Procedural memory)
~Four major models for organization in LTM
Hierarchies, Concepts and Prototypes, Semantic networks, Schemas (scripts)
~Retrieval
Priming, Recall, Reconstruction, Misinformation effect, Serial Position effect, Mood Congruence, Statedependent memory, Distributed Practice, Massed Practice
~Forgetting
Interference (Proactive and Retroactive), Repression, Amnesia
~Problem Solving and Creativity
Creativity, Trial and Error, Algorithm, Heuristic, Insight learning, Deductive and Inductive Reasoning
~Hindrances to problem solving
Mental sets, Functional fixedness, Availability heuristic, Representative heuristic, Framing,
Confirmation bias, Belief perseverance, Belief bias, Hindsight bias, Overconfidence bias
~Other Cognition concepts
LTP, Artificial intelligence, Flashbulb memory, Thalamus, Hippocampus, Cerebellum, Amygdala
MOTIVAION AND EMOTION
~Theories of Motivation
Instinct/Evolutionary Theory (Instinct vs. reflex, imprinting), Drive Reduction Theory (Homeostasis,
metabolism, drive), Incentive Theory, Arousal Theory (Yerkes-Dodson), Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Selfactualization)
~Physiological Motives
1
Hunger (Lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus, insulin, glucose, leptin, cultural factors, metabolism, set point,
obesity, anorexia, bulimia), Thirst (Similar hypothalamus regulation), Pain (Promotes avoidance or escape
behaviors), Sexual (Hormones involved in puberty, societal regulation, sexual orientation, sexual response
cycle, evolutionary view)
~Social Motivation
Achievement (Thematic Apperception Test), Affiliation (Interaction of biological and social factors), Intrinsic
vs. Extrinsic (Overjustification effect), Social Conflict Situations (Approach-approach, approach-avoidance,
avoidance-avoidance, multiple conflicts)
~Theories of Emotion
James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, Schachter Two Factor, Opponent Process, Cognitive Appraisal
PERSONALITY
~Biological approach
Temperament, Heritability, Evolutionary
~Psychoanalytic approach
3 levels of the mind, 3 major personality systems, Defense mechanisms, Stages of Development, Jung’s
collective unconscious, Adler’s inferiority complexes, Horney attacked Freud’s male bias
~Humanistic approach
Maslow, Rogers
~Behavioral approach
Skinner
~Social-learning approach
George Kelly, Bandura, Self-efficacy, Collective efficacy, Julian Rotter, Walter Mischel
~Trait Theory
Gordon Allport, Hans Eysneck, Raymond Cattell
~Assessment techniques
ABNORMAL PSYCH
 Causes of abnormal behavior by psychological perspective
 Societal stigmas of mental disorders
 Anxiety disorders (symptoms)
 Somatic disorders (symptoms)
 Dissociative disorders (symptoms, Freud’s explanation)
 Mood disorders (symptoms)
 Schizophrenia (symptoms: psychosis, delusions, and hallucinations)
 Personality disorders (general characteristics)
 Developmental disorders (general characteristics, symptoms)
TREATMENT
 Psychoanalytic
 Behavioral
 Humanistic
 Cognitive
 Biological
o Drugs: anti-anxiety, anti-depressants, anti-psychotics, stimulants
SOCIAL
Group Dynamics
2
Social group
Norms
Roles
Social loafing
Deindividuation
Social facilitation
Attributions
Social cognition
Attribution theory
Dispositional factors
Situational factors
Interpersonal Perception
Stereotypes
Prejudice
Discrimination
Scapegoat theory
Ethnocentrism
Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience
Conformity
Compliance
Attitudes and Change
Attitudes
Mere exposure effect
Central route
Peripheral route
LANGUAGE
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3
Phonemes
Morphemes
Grammar
Syntax
Semantics
Babbling stage
Telegraphic speech
Linguistic relativity hypothesis
Group polarization
Groupthink
Bystander intervention
Diffusion of responsibility
Altruism
Fundamental attribution error
Self-serving bias
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Actor-observer bias
Just-world phenomenon
Out-group homogeneity
Contact theory
Jigsaw classroom
Foot-in-the door
Reciprocity
Informational social influence
Normative social influence
Aggression (instrumental, hostile)