Chemistry 521
Chapter 10 Notes
Alcohols - an organic compound that contains the -OH, or hydroxyl, functional group.
Depending on the position of the hydroxyl group, an alcohol can be primary, secondary, or tertiary. ( Figure 10.3 on
Page 386)
1. Locate the longest chain that contains an -OH group, name the parent chain.
2. Replace the -e at the end with an -ol
3. Add a position number before the root of the name to indicate the location of the -OH group, giving the lowest
possible position number
4. alcohols with 2, 3 or 4 -OH substituents are called diols, triols and tetrols, (leave the -e in the name of parent
alkane)
Physical Properties ofAlcohols Page 389
Reactions of Alcohols
Alcohols can react in many ways depending on the reactants and on the conditions
1) Combustion of Alcohols Alcohols are extremely flammable and like hydrocarbons can react with oxygen in
combustion reactions
2) Substitution Reactions with Alcohols
When a halogen acid (HCl, HBr, HI) reacts with an alcohol, the halogen is substituted for the OH group
3) Elimination Reactions of Alcohols (or Dehydration)
When an alcohol is heated in the presence of a strong acid and dehydrating agent (H 2SO4 and Δ), an elimination
reaction occurs
Δ = Heat
The OH group and 1 H leave and water is produced the resulting molecule forms a double bond
Dehydration - "loss of water"
Alkyl Halides
Alkyl Halide (haloalkane) - an alkane in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced with halogen atoms
(F, Cl, Br, or I).
General Formula
R-X
Where,
X = halogen atom
* Alkyl Halides have similar structure, polarity, and reactivity to alcohols.
How to Name Alkyl Halides
1) name the parent hydrocarbon
2) use the prefix fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, or iodo3) use a position number to indicate the presence of the halogen
Give the most important branches the lowest possible position number
Priority of some Branches:
Reactions with Alkyl Halides
1) From chapter 9 we learned that alkyl halides can be made from an alkene or alkyne by an addition reaction.
2) We just learned that alkyl halides can be produced by a substitution reaction of an alcohol.
***These two reactions can also be reversed in basic solution as shown below in A and B
3) There can also be a substitution reaction of one alkyl halide for another as shown in C.
Ethers
Ether - an organic compound that has two alkyl groups joined by an oxygen atom. The general formula of an ether is
Naming Ethers
IUPAC Name:
1. Choose the longest alkyl group as the parent alkane. Give it an
alkane name.
2. Treat the second alkyl group, along with the oxygen atom, as an
alkoxy group attached to the parent alkane.
Name the alkoxy group by replacing the -yl ending of the corresponding alkyl group’s name
with -oxy. Give it a position number.
3. Put the prefix and suffix together: alkoxy group + parent alkane.
Common Name
1. List the alkyl groups that are attached to the oxygen atom, in
alphabetical order.
2. Place the suffix -ether at the end of the name
.
Aldehydes and Ketones ( Functional Groups with C = O, carbonyl functional group)
Aldehyde - an organic compound that has a C=O on the first carbon of a carbon chain.
How to Name an Aldehyde
Step 1:
Name the parent alkane. Always give the carbon atom of the
carbonyl group the position number 1.
Step 2:
Replace the -e at the end of the name of the parent alkane with –al. The carbonyl group is always given position
number 1.
Ketone - an organic compound that has a C=O on any carbon within the carbon chain.
The general formula for a ketone is RCOR' (or R1 ad R2), where R and R’ are alkyl groups (the two sides of the
carbon chain).
Figure 10.15 shows the simplest ketone, propanone (common name acetone).
Naming Ketones
Step 1:
Name the parent alkane. Remember that the main chain must contain the C=O group.
Step 2:
If there is one ketone group, replace the -e at the end of the name of the parent alkane with -one.
If there is more than one ketone group, keep the -e suffix and add a suffix such as -dione or -trione.
Step 3:
For carbon chains that have more than four carbons, a position number is needed for the carbonyl group. Number
the carbon chain so that the carbonyl group has the lowest possible number.
Carboxylic Acids
carboxylic acid - an organic compound with the following functional group:
This -COOH group is called the carboxyl group.
General formula for a carboxylic acid R-COOH.
Naming Carboxylic Acids
Step 1 Name the parent alkane.
Step 2 Replace the -e at the end of the name of the parent alkane with -oic acid.
Step 3 The carbon atom of the carboxyl group is always given position number 1.
Name and number the branches that are attached to the compound.
Esters
ester - an organic compound that has the following functional group:
The general formula for an ester is R-COO-R’, where R is a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon, and R’ is a
hydrocarbon. You can think of an ester as the product of a reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
Naming Esters
Step 1 Identify the main part of the ester, which contains the C=O group. This part comes from the parent acid.
Begin by naming the parent acid.
Step 2 Replace the -oic acid ending of the name of the parent acid with -oate.
Step 3 The second part of an ester is the alkyl group that is attached to the oxygen atom. Name this as you would
name any other alkyl group.
Step 4 Put the two names together. Note that esters are named as two words.