Chemistry
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Matter, Mass, Weight, &Density
Elements & Pure Substances
CHONPS – Elements of Life (Especially CHON)
Atom: Nucleus & Electron Cloud (Composition & Charges)
Subatomic Particles (Electrons; Neutrons; Protons) & Charges
Protons & Physical Properties
Neutrons: Their Role & Isotopes
Electrons: Energy Levels & Chemical Properties
Period Table Patterns (Reactivity; Size; Electronegativity; Metals vs. Non-Metals; Families; Periods)
Scientific Use of Isotopes
Compounds: Chemical Formula (Subscript & Coefficients) & Molecules
Atom Electron Cloud Stability & Chemical Bonding: Ionic vs. Covalent (Single, Double, Triple) vs. Polar Covalent
Intermolecular Attraction (Van der Wall Forces)
Bioenergetics & Metabolism
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Energy in living systems
Metabolism
Kinetic vs. Potential Energy: General & in Biological Systems
Energy & Work
Energy & Matter Relationship
Energy & Matter Conservation
Energy Transfers & Entropy
Energy & The States of Matter (Motion; Energy; Connection; Shape; Volume)
Chemical Reactions: Chemical Equations; Reactants; Products; Arrows; Coefficients; Equilibrium; Bond Formation &
Breakage
Endergonic, Endothermic, Anabolic, Non-Spontaneous Reactions (i.e. Photosynthesis, Phosphorylation, & Dehydration
Synthesis) vs. Exergonic, Exothermic, Catabolic, Spontaneous, Reactions (i.e. Cellular Respiration & Hydrolysis)
Chemical Reaction Graphs (Products > Reactants vs. Products < Reactants)
Chemical Bonds & Activation Energy
Catalysis & Enzymes
ATP Structure & Function
Coupled Reactions & Biochemical Pathways
Enzymes
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Enzyme (Quantity, Role, Reusable, Naming)
Enzyme Structure (Protein; Active Site; Lock & Key; Induced Fit; Substrate Specificity; Structure & Function Link)
Enzyme Mechanism: Activation Energy (Microenvironment; Participant; Orientation; Isolation)
Enzymatic Action Factors: Environmental Conditions (ph, temperature, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration);
Cofactors; Activators; Inhibitors (Competitive vs. Non-competitive)
Allosteric Positive vs. Negative Feedback Mechanisms of Enzyme Control
Water
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Formula & Structure
Charge & Uneven Distribution  Polarity
Oxygen’s Electronegativity
Hydrogen Bonding (Weak alone, but strong together)
Melting / Boiling Points vs. Temperature & Pressure
Major Properties & Hydrogen Bonds
o Less Dense as a Solid (Crystal Lattice): Insulation & Floating
o High Specific Heat (Resists Temperature Change): Maintaining Organism & Ecosystem Temperature
o High Heat of Vaporization (Absorb Much Energy While Evaporating): Evaporative Cooling of Water; Organism
Evapotranspiration Cooling; Greenhouse Effect
o Cohesion (Stick Together): Surface Tension; Microhabitat for Organisms; Cell Tension; Capillary Action
o Adhesion (Stick to Others): Leaf Water Conservation; Capillary Action; Universal Solvent
o Solvent (Dissociation of Ions & Association to Polar Molecules): Chemical Medium for Life & Organization of
Hydrophobic Molecules
Mixtures
o Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous
o Solutions
 Solute & Solvent
 Aqueous & Tinctures
 Ions & Dissociation
 Other Soluble Molecules (Protein & Sugar Solubility)
 Electrolytes vs. Non-Electrolyte Solutions
 Hard vs. Soft water
 Effervescence
 Dissolving Rate (Stirring; Heating; Crushing)
 Solubility (CAN FIT) & Factors (Temperature; Type & Amount of Solvent)
 Concentration (IS IN): Dilute vs. Concentrated; Unsaturated, Saturated, vs. Supersaturated
 Freezing Point Depression & Boiling Point Elevation
 Polar vs. Non-Polar Interactions & Solubility (Hydrophobic, Insoluble, Non polar vs. Hydrophilic, Soluble,
Polar)
o Suspensions & Biological Examples
o Colloids
Acidity & Alkalinity
o Water Dissociation & Hydroxide vs. Hydrogen (Hydronium) Ions
o pH Scale: & Logarithms
o Neutrality
o Acids Facts: Common Ion, taste, reaction to indicators, pH range, examples
o Bases Facts: Common Ion, taste, texture, reaction to indicators, pH range, examples
o Neutralization Reaction & Salts
o Precipitate & Precipitation Reactions
o Buffers & Biological Function
Biochemistry
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Carbon Based or Organic Molecules
Elements of Life (CHONPS & HONC)
Inorganic vs. Organic Compounds
Carbon Chemistry: Bonds, Bond Shapes, and Molecular Structures (Rings, Pyramids, Chains)
Hydrocarbons & Energy
Functional Groups & Structure/Function Link
o Hydroxide (Organic Alcohol)
o Carboxyl (Organic Acid)
o Amino (Organic Base)
o Phosphate (Organic Charge)
Macromolecules
o Polymerization: Monomers  Polymers through Dehydration Synthesis
o Digestion: Polymers  Monomers through Hydrolysis
Carbohydrates
TO BE CONTINUED….