What are Allergies the result of
A heightened sensitivity to allergens
What is the function of a vaccination? A booster vaccination? a)Stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies against the specific disease b) Extend the immune systems memory of an antigen
What are the four steps in the second part of an acquired immune response
White blood cells recognize the antigen, helper T cells are called up, B cells are activated to produce antibodies, the antigen is attacked by antibodies
What is the role of killer T cells
Destroy infected cells
What is the role of B cells
Identify antigens in the body, produce specific antibodies to fight the antigens and signal T cells
Define Bacteria
Single-celled organisms
When you are ill, why should you not go to sport practice?
Staying at home you are less likely to spread the infection to others. Also when your body is ill, you need to reserve your energy to produce the cells and antibodies needed to fight infection.
Describe each way infectious diseases can be transmitted
1, Direct Contact – touching someone or something that is infected ie shaking hands with a sick person who has sneezed
2. Indirect Contact – ingesting some form of an airborne pathogen from an infected person – ie breathing in sneeze droplets
3. Water and Food – ingesting bacteria in water or food such as salmonella or e-coli
4. Animal Bites – a virus carried in the saliva of an animal passes into your body when the animal bites you and breaks the skin, allowing the pathogen to pass into your body – ie dog bites and you get rabies.
Define Virus
A non-living particle capable of reproducing only in a host cell.
What steps can you take to keep your
2.
immune system healthy
1.
Eat a well-balanced diet
Maintain good personal hygiene
3.
Keep your home clean
4.
Avoid using tobacco and nonprescription drugs
5.
Get lots of rest
6.
Stat current with vaccinations
7.
Do not engage in activities that could involve sharing body fluids
How can HIV be transmitted
Blood from an infected person entering another person’s body
What is the difference between an antigen and an antibody
Antigen is a substance the body cannot recognize (usually not living) and an antibody is a specific type of particle created by the immune system to destroy an invader
What is an innate immune response
An innate immune response is quick and general in its response
If a helper T cell recognizes an antigen, what happens next?
When a helper T cell recognizes an antigen, it activates the B Cells
If bacteria get into the stomach of a human, what first line of defense of the immune system will potentially stop bacteria?
The stomach produces gastric juice, which is very acidic and can destroy bacteria
Would getting a vaccination for chicken pox be a good thing for someone who had chicken pox three years ago?
Most people who have had chicken pox have a life-long immunity to the disease. A small percentage of individuals are susceptible to getting chicken pox again or having the dormant virus become active again, causing a disease called shingles.
What is a phagocyte
A white blood cell that fights infection
What is an acquired immune response
An acquired immune response is slower and produces specific antibodies that attach to types of antigens and destroy them
When are bacteria helpful to humans
In our digestive system to help break down food
Produce foods such as cheese/yogurt
Produce medicine such as insulin
What is active immunity
The body remembers which antibodies should be used to attack a pathogen that has infected the body before.
What part of the immune system does HIV attack? How does this damage the immune system
HIV attacks helper T cells. This means that B cells and Killer T cells will not be activated and will therefore not be available to fight secondary infections such as pneumonia.
People infected with HIV may die from other causes. Why?
HIV invades helper T cells. Helper T cells activate B cells that produce infection fighting antibodies. Without helper T cells, the defense offered by the B cells is seriously compromised. Pathogens normally attacked by antibodies can now infect AIDS patients with little inference.
Why do people with allergies take antihistamines
Histamines cause the noes to run and the eyes to water. Antihistamines reduce these symptoms.
What are the differences in function between memory B cell and a B cell?
B cells actively produce antibodies when fighting an infection, whole memory cells are not involved with fighting the pathogen.
Memory cells remain after the pathogen has been destroyed so that the body has long term immunity against the pathogen.