Level Notes- Human Body Systems Part 2
The Excretory System
Structures of the Excretory System
•_____________- remove waste products from blood; maintain blood pH; regulate
blood volume
•_____________- leaves kidney & carries urine to urinary bladder
•_____________- sac-like organ where urine is stored before being excreted
•_____________- tube that carries urine (and semen in males) from body
•“Dirty” blood comes to the kidney for ___________________
•Good & bad substances are filtered from the _____________.
•The good substances like ____________ and most water are returned to the
___________.
•The bad substances are collected as ___________ and are excreted.
•Circular muscles called __________________ are found at the base of the
bladder.
•At about _________ years of age children learn to use these muscles. We usually
call this being “potty-trained.”
•Kidney stones are painful because of their ___________. They are formed in the
kidneys and as they travel down the ______________ they may tear tissue or get
stuck and cannot pass down any further.
•__________________________ is a procedure in which waves of sound are sent to
“blow up” the stone, so that the patient only has to pass a powdery substance,
not a solid stone.
Adrenal Gland
Urinary opening
Urethra
Urinary bladder
Ureter
Kidney
Circulatory System
Relationship between _________________ and ________________ systems supply
cells with ______________ and ________________ throughout your body.
Function of Circulatory System
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Transports ______________
Transports ______________
Transports _______________ out of body
Know as the “__________________________” of the body
Made up of _____________ and ____________________.
Vessels can be _____________ , ___________________ , and
__________________.
Heart anatomy
 Size of your _____________________________
 Hollow ______________________________________
 Heart divided into __________ chambers
– Right Atria, Right Ventricle
– Left Atria, Left Ventricle
 Atria pump blood _______the heart.
– _______________________________
 Ventricles pump blood out of the heart.
– _______________________________
Pathway of blood through heart:
 1. ____________________ blood enters via superior and inferior vena cava’s
into _______________________.
 2. ____________________blood enters ________________________.
 3. Deoxygenated blood leaves right ventricle through
__________________________.
 4. Blood cells pick up ____________________________.
 5. __________________ blood returns to heart via
___________________________.
 6. _____________________blood pumped into ______________________.
 7. _____________________ blood pumped into left ventricle.
 8 Oxygenated blood pumped out of _________________________ to entire
body.
 Left ventricle more muscular than right…..why?
Circulation systems of body:
 __________________ circulation only involved the blood circulation from
heart to lungs to heart again.
 ____________________ circulation involves entire circulation system.
Circulation outside of the heart
 Blood vessels:
 As blood flows through the circulatory system it moves through three types
of blood vessels.
 _________________ carries oxygen rich blood cells ____________ from heart.
 _________________ junction between _______________ and veins. Brings
nutrients and oxygen to body cells.
 _________________ Carry deoxygenated blood cells back to heart and
lungs.
Veins carry CO2 waste (______________________________________________) away
from cells.
Break down of _________________________ causes this CO2 waste.
Blood
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The human body contains between 4-6 liters of blood.
_______ of blood consists of cells
_______ is plasma
Plasma helps transport _____________, _______________, and
________________.
Cells of blood
Red Blood Cells (RBC)
 Transport ____________ to body.
 ____________________ molecule in RBC gives blood ______ color.
 Oxygen molecules picked up by _________________ in _____________.
 RBC’s last about ________ days.
 Liver and spleen _______________ worn out RBC’s.
White Blood Cells (WBC)
 Fight against _____________, _____________ and _________________.
 Helper T-cells mature in thalamus gland
 ___________________attacks this type of WBC.
 WBC’s not just confined to circulatory system. Also enter into Lymphatic
system.
Digestive System
Pathway of Digestion:
1. Mouth
a. _______________ digestion: _________ break apart food
b. Carbohydrates start their digestion w/ chemicals in ____________
2. Esophagus
a. Connects mouth to stomach
b. ________________: muscles push food ball (bolus) to stomach
3. Stomach
a. ______________ digestion: muscular sac secretes acids &
_______________ to break down food
4. Small Intestine
a. _________________________ & water from broken down food
5. Large Intestine
a. Absorbs ______________
b. Eliminates indigestible wastes
6. Rectum and Anus
a. Stores_____________ until ready for release
Indirect organs that aid in the digestive process
1. Liver
a. Produces __________ which helps break down fat
2. Gallbladder
a. Stores ___________
3. Pancreas
a. Makes ______________ that help digest food
b. Makes ________________ which helps break down blood sugar
4. Appendix
a. Sac containing ______________ cells
b. Located at the beginning of the large intestine
Esophagus
Liver
Stomach
Small Intestine
Pancreas
Large Intestine
Gall Bladder
Rectum
Appendix
The Human Immune System
What is the immune system?
The body’s __________ against ___________ causing organisms, malfunctioning
cells, and foreign particles
The First Line of Defense ~Skin~
The dead, outer layer of skin, known as the ______________, forms a shield against
invaders and secretes chemicals that kill potential invaders.
As you breathe in, foreign particles and bacteria bump into _______ throughout
your respiratory system and become stuck.
Hair-like structures called ______ sweep this mucus into the throat for coughing or
swallowing
What’s the first thing you do when you cut your finger?
Swallowed bacteria are broken down by incredibly strong ________ in the
stomach that break down your food
The Second Line of Defense ~White Blood Cells~
If invaders actually get within the body, then your ______________(WBCs) begin
their attack
WBCs normally circulate throughout the _________, but will enter the body’s
_________ if invaders are detected
These white blood cells are responsible for eating foreign particles by
____________ them
Once engulfed, the phagocyte breaks the foreign particles apart in organelles
called ___________.
Viruses enter body cells, hijack their organelles, and turn the cell into a virus
making-factory. The cell will eventually burst, releasing thousands of viruses
to infect new cells
The Second Line of Defense ~Interferon~
Virus-infected body cells release _______________ when an invasion occurs
Interferon – chemical that interferes with the ability to viruses to attack other
body cells
White Blood Cells~T-Cells~
________, often called “natural killer” cells, recognize infected human cells and
_______ cells
T-cells will attack these infected cells, quickly kill them, and then continue to
search for more cells to kill
The Second Line of Defense ~The Inflammatory Response~
Injured body cells release chemicals called _________, which begin
________________ ____________
 Capillaries dilate
 Pyrogens released, reach hypothalamus, and temperature rises
 Pain receptors activate
 WBCs flock to infected area like sharks to blood
The Third Line of Defense ~Antibodies~
Most infections never make it past the first and second levels of defense
Those that do trigger the production and release of _____________- proteins that
latch onto, damage, clump, and slow foreign particles
Each antibody binds only to one specific binding site, known as an _____________
What is immunity? Resistance to a disease causing organism or harmful
substance
Two types: Active Immunity & Passive Immunity
Active Immunity- ______ produce the antibodies
Your body has been exposed to the antigen in the past either through:
–
Exposure to the actual disease causing antigen – You fought it, you won,
you remember it
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Planned exposure to a form of the antigen that has been killed or
weakened – You detected it, eliminated it, and remember it
Vaccines
Antigens are deliberately introduced into the immune system to produce
_____________
Because the bacteria has been killed or weakened, minimal symptoms occur
Have eradicated or severely limited several diseases from the face of the Earth,
such as polio and smallpox
How long does active immunity last? It depends on the antigen
Some disease-causing bacteria multiply into new forms that our body doesn’t
recognize, requiring annual vaccinations, like the flu shot
__________________- reminds the immune system of the antigen
Others last for a lifetime, such as ______________________
Passive Immunity- You ________ produce the antibodies
 A mother will pass immunities on to her baby during pregnancy - through
what organ?
 These antibodies will protect the baby for a short period of time following birth
while its immune system develops. What endocrine gland is responsible for
this?
 Lasts until antibodies die
Immune Disorders~Allergies~
Immune system mistakenly recognizes harmless foreign particles as serious
threats
Launches immune response, which causes ___________, runny nose, and watery
eyes
Anti-histamines block effect of histamines and bring relief to allergy sufferers
Aquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Discovered in ________
Specifically targets and kills ________
Because normal body cells are unaffected, immune response is not launched
The HIV virus doesn’t kill you – it cripples your _________________________
With your immune system shut down, common diseases that your immune
system normally could defeat become life-threatening
Can show no effects for several months all the way up to _____________
Transmitted by ________________, blood transfusions, contaminated needles
As of 2007, it affects an estimated 33.2 million people