Civ IA- PowerPoint text for Lectures 17-18:
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Lecture 17: Islam and the Early Middle Ages
I)
Muhammad’s Life
II)
Islamic Expansion
III)
Western Europe, 600-800 AD
IDs:
Bedouins
Qu’ran
Abrahamic tradition
“The Prophet”
Hegira
Umma
Caliph
Abu-Bakr
conversion?
Peoples of the Book
Ali
Sunni
Shi’a
Pope Leo I
Pope Gregory I
Great Schism
“White martyrdom”
Celtic Christianity
•
Scripture and violence
“When we decide to destroy a population, we send a definite order to them who have the good things
in life and yet transgress; so that [the Divine] word is proved true against them: then we destroy them
utterly.” (17:16-17)
"You shall destroy all the peoples ... showing them no pity." (7: 16)
"... You shall put all its males to the sword. You may, however, take as your booty the women, the
children, the livestock, and everything in the town -- all its spoil -- and enjoy the use of the spoil of your
enemy which . . . God gives you." (20:14-15)
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Sunday, November 22, 2003- NYT:
Story on Pres. George Bush declaring that Christians and Muslims “worship the same God”
Objections from some fundamentalist Christians
Response from Sayyid M. Syeed, secretary general of the Islamic Society of North America:
“Alhamdullah (Thanks be to God). We read again and again in the Koran that our God is the God
of Abraham, the God of Noah, the God of Jesus. It would not come to the mind of a Muslim that there
is a different God that Abraham or Jesus or Moses was praying to.”
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Early Arabic Culture
Wilderness
Bedouins
Shrines as sanctuaries
Movement of trade routes
Shrines as cities
Mecca
•
Kabbah
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Muhammad’s Life
(570-632 AD)
Early life- trader
610 AD-Muhammad’s conversion
Archangel Gabriel
Qu’ran- “recitations”
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The Qu’ran (“Recitations”)
Major themes:
Absolute unity of God- monotheism
Evils of idolatry
Divine judgment
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Islamic Theology
Monotheistic
Link with Judeo-Christian tradition- Abrahamic
Abraham and Ishmael
“People of the Book”
Muhammad as the last Prophet
Practice over theology
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Islamic Images- Ali and Mohammad
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More early Islamic images
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The Hegira (622 AD)
Muhammad condemns polytheism
Persecution
Hegira- Flight to Medina
Umma
Battle with Meccans in 630 AD
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II) Islamic Expansion
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Early Islamic Expansion
Reasons:
Mediator
Marginalized peoples
Weakened Byzantine and Sassanid empires
•
Islamic Succession- Caliphs
Successor?
Abu-Bakr:
Challenges
Reconversion
Arabia
Umar:
Expansion
Central Asia and North Africa
•
Islamic Empire and non-Muslims
Tribute over conversion
Non-Arabic Muslims?
Christians and Jews- “Peoples of the Book”
•
Islamic divisions
Ali, 4th Caliph (655-661)
Murdered
Umayyad successor
Shi’a:
- “partisan”
Sunni:
- “tradition”
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Shrine of Imam Ali
(Najaf, Iraq)
•
Islamic scholarship
Eastern traditions
Translation of Greek classics
ex. Aristotle
Royal patronage
Ex. Caliph Al-Hakem
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Lecture 18: Early Middle Ages (c.500-900)
I)
The Western Empire: Popes, Celts, and Franks
II)
Vikings!
III)
The German Empire
IDs:
Pope Leo I
Pope Gregory I
Celtic Christianity
“white martyrdom”
Merovingians
Partible inheritance
“Mayor of the Palace”
Charles Martel
Charlemagne
“Carolingian Renaissance”
Coronation
Vikings
investiture
castles
Otto I
•
Patrician authority
Decline of the Western (Political) Empire
Continued imperial problems
Networks break down
Church superiority:
- independence
- episcopal power
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Early papal leadership in the West, 450- 800 AD
Developing nature of papal authority
Pope Leo I (440-461 AD)
(“The Great”)- dogma
Pope Gregory I (“The Great”) (590-604 AD)
-direct negotiations w/ Germans
•
Great Schism
Split: Western (Roman) Church vs
Eastern (Orthodox) Church
Differences on doctrine
- married clergy,
- filoque
Questions on how to determine doctrine
- councils vs. Papacy
Later, mutual excommunication
•
Celtic Christianity
Non-imperial
“Conversion”
- St. Patrick, etc.
Monastic
(vs. episcopal)
- preservation of pagan literature
Missionary work
- “White martrydom”
- influence on the Continent
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Clovis the Merovingian
(r. 485-511)
German leader of the Franks
Convert and Patron of Christianity
Founder of the Merovingian Dynasty
•
Frankish Kingdom
Two problems with succession:
1) Nobles
Counts
- royal appointment
2) Partible Inheritance
(vs. primo genitur)
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Carolingian Dynasty, Part I
King as figurehead- 650 AD
Pepin of Landes (Pepin I) - “Mayor of the Palace”
Takes power in 687 AD
Carolingian Dynasty
Charles Martel (“The Hammer”)
- knights in armor
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Battle of Tours (732 A.D.)
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Carolingian Dynasty, Part II
Papal recognition of Carolingians- 751 AD
Pepin III (Pepin the Short)
- continued defense of the papacy in Italy
Charlemagne
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Carolingian Empire
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Carolingian Renaissance
(9th Century)
Charlemagne’s conquest
Aachen
Imperial authority
Patronage of learning
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Coronation of Charlemagne by Pope Leo III
Christmas, 800 AD
Two versions:
Planned
Unexpected
Difference?
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Imperial Crown and Sceptre
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Disintegration of the Carolingian Empire
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II) Vikings
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Effect of Viking raids on the Church
Unrestrained attacks
Local lords in charge
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Castles
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Effect of Viking raids on the Church
Unrestrained attacks
Local lords in charge
Interference in local church