Lecture 9A: Islam
I)
Arab Culture
II)
Muhammad’s Life
III)
Islamic Expansion
IDs:
Bedouins
Kabbah
Qu’ran
Monotheism
Abrahamic tradition
“The Prophet”
Hegira
Umma
Caliph
Abu-Bakr
conversion?
Peoples of the Book
Ali
Shi’a
Sunni
Islamic academies
Scripture and violence
"You shall destroy all the peoples ... showing them no pity." (7: 16)
“When we decide to destroy a population, we send a definite order to them who have the good things
in life and yet transgress; so that [the Divine] word is proved true against them: then we destroy them
utterly.” (17:16-17)
"... You shall put all its males to the sword. You may, however, take as your booty the women, the
children, the livestock, and everything in the town -- all its spoil -- and enjoy the use of the spoil of your
enemy which . . . God gives you." (20:14-15)
Sunday, November 22, 2003- NYT:
Story on Pres. George Bush declaring that Christians and Muslims “worship the same God”
Objections from some fundamentalist Christians
Response from Sayyid M. Syeed, secretary general of the Islamic Society of North America:
“Alhamdullah (Thanks be to God). We read again and again in the Koran that our God is the God
of Abraham, the God of Noah, the God of Jesus. It would not come to the mind of a Muslim that there
is a different God that Abraham or Jesus or Moses was praying to.”
Early Arabic Culture
Wilderness
Bedouins
Shrines as sanctuaries
Movement of trade routes
Shrines as cities
Mecca
Kabbah
II) Muhammad’s Life
Muhammad’s Life
(570-632 AD)
Early life- trader
610 AD-Muhammad’s conversion
Archangel Gabriel
Qu’ran- “recitations”
Islamic Theology
Monotheistic
Link with Judeo-Christian tradition
Abraham and Ishmael
“People of the Book”
Muhammad as the last Prophet
Practice over theology
Islamic Images- Ali and Mohammad
More early Islamic images
The Hegira (622 AD)
Muhammad condemns polytheism
Persecution
Hegira- Flight to Medina
Umma
Battle with Meccans in 630 AD
III) Islamic Expansion
Scripture and violence
When we decide to destroy a population, we send a definite order to them who have the good things in
life and yet transgress; so that [the Divine] word is proved true against them: then we destroy them
utterly. (17:16-17)
"You shall destroy all the peoples ... showing them no pity." (7: 16)
"... You shall put all its males to the sword. You may, however, take as your booty the women, the
children, the livestock, and everything in the town -- all its spoil -- and enjoy the use of the spoil of your
enemy which . . . God gives you." (20:14-15)
Early Islamic Expansion
Reasons:
Mediator
Social equality
Weakened Byzantine and Sassanid empires
Islamic Succession- Caliphs
Successor?
Abu-Bakr:
Challenges
Reconversion
Arabia
Umar:
Expansion
Central Asia and North Africa
Islamic Empire and non-Muslims
Tribute over conversion
Non-Arabic Muslims?
Christians and Jews- “Peoples of the Book”
Islamic divisions
Ali, 4th Caliph (655-661)
Murdered
Umayyad successor
Shia:
- “partisan”
Sunni:
- “tradition”
Shrine of Imam Ali
(Najaf, Iraq)
Islamic scholarship
Eastern traditions
Translation of Greek classics
ex. Aristotle
Royal patronage
Ex. Caliph Al-Hakem
Lecture 10B: Early Middle Ages (c.500-900)
I)
The Western Empire
II)
The Franks
IDs:
Pope Leo I
Pope Gregory I
Monastic learning
Great Schism
“white martyrdom”
Counts
Merovingians
Partible inheritance
“Mayor of the Palace”
Charles Martel
Poitiers
Pepin III (“The Short”)
Charlemagne
“Carolingian Renaissance”
Coronation
Vikings
investiture
castles
Decline of the Western (Political) Empire
Continued imperial problems
Networks break down
Church superiority:
- independence
- episcopal power
Papal leadership in the West, 450- 800 AD
Pope Leo I (440-461 AD)
(“The Great”)- dogma
Pope Gregory I (“The Great”) (590-604 AD)
-direct negotiations w/ Germans
Great Schism
Split: Western (Roman) Church vs
Eastern (Orthodox) Church
Differences on doctrine
- married clergy,
- filoque
Questions on how to determine doctrine
- councils vs. Papacy
Later, mutual excommunication
Celtic Christianity
Non-imperial
“Conversion”
- St. Patrick, etc.
Monastic
(vs. episcopal)
- preservation of pagan literature
Missionary work
- “White martrydom”
- influence on the Continent
II) The Franks
Clovis the Merovingian
(r. 485-511)
German leader of the Franks
Convert and Patron of Christianity
Founder of the Merovingian Dynasty
Frankish Kingdom
Two problems:
1) Nobles
Counts
- royal appointment
2) Partible Inheritance
(vs. primo genitur)
Carolingian Dynasty, Part I
King as figurehead- 650 AD
Pepin of Landes (Pepin I) - “Mayor of the Palace”
Takes power in 687 AD
Carolingian Dynasty
Charles Martel (“The Hammer”)
- knights in armor
Battle of Tours (732 A.D.)
Carolingian Dynasty, Part II
Papal recognition- 751 AD
Pepin III (Pepin the Short)
- Franks in Italy
Charlemagne
Carolingian Empire
Carolingian Renaissance
(9th Century)
Charlemagne’s conquest
Aachen
Imperial authority
Patronage of learning
Coronation of Charlemagne by Pope Leo III
Christmas, 800 AD
Two versions:
Planned
Unexpected
Difference?
Imperial Crown and Sceptre
Disintegration of the Carolingian Empire
Effect of Viking raids on the Church
Unrestrained attacks
Local lords in charge
Castles
Effect of Viking raids on the Church
Unrestrained attacks
Local lords in charge
Interference in local church
Lecture 10C: The German Empire
(815-1000 A.D.)
I)
German Leadership
II)
Problems and Monastic Reform
IDs:
Otto I
Patrician authority
Lay investiture
Simony
Cluny
Peace of God
Emperor Henry III
Pope Leo IX
Otto I
(r. 936-973 AD)
Created the German Empire
Reformed the Papacy
- vs. Pope John XII
German Emperor appoints John XII’s successor
- “patrician” authority
Apotheosis of Otto III, from Gospel of Otto III, c. 990 AD