I. Charlemagne Unites Germanic Kingdoms
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Unit 3: European Middle Ages Chapter 13: European Middle Ages Charlemagne Unites Germanic Kingdoms Middle Ages Franks Monastery Secular Carolingian Dynasty Charlemagne Feudalism in Europe The Age of Chivalry Lord Fief Vassal Knight Serf Manor Tithe Chivalry Tournament Troubadour The Power of the Church Clergy Sacrament Canon law Holy Roman Empire Lay investiture I. Charlemagne Unites Germanic Kingdoms Many Germanic kingdoms that succeeded the Roman Empire were reunited under Charlemagne’s empire. Charlemagne spread Christian civilization through Northern Europe, where it had a permanent impact. Invasions of Western Europe Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare Germanic invaders overrun western Roman Empire in 400s Fighting disrupts trade and government; people abandon cities Marks the beginning of the Middle Ages-period from 500-1500 The Decline of Learning As cities are abandoned, level of learning declines Knowledge of Greek language and culture is almost completely lost Loss of a Common Language Introduction of German language changes Latin; dialects develop Germanic Kingdoms Emerge Years of Upheaval Between 400 and 600 Germanic kingdoms replace Roman provinces Continual wars change borders between kingdoms The Church provides order and security The Concept of Government Changes Germans held together by family ties and loyalty, not government Small communities are governed by unwritten rules and traditions Germanic warriors pledge loyalty to their chief; live in lord’s hall Clovis Rules the Franks Germanic people called Franks hold power in Roman province of Gaul Clovis, leader of the Franks, converts to Christianity in 496 Leads warriors against other Germanic armies United Franks into one kingdom with Church’s help by 511 Germans Adopt Christianity How the Church Spread Frankish rulers convert Germanic peoples to Christianity Missionaries travel to convert Germanic and Celtic groups Monasteries, Convents, and Manuscripts Church builds monasteries-where monks live to study and serve God Italian monk, Benedict, writes rules that govern monastic life His sister Scholastica adapts rules for nuns living in convents Monks establish schools, preserve learning through libraries Papal Power Expands Under Gregory I In 590, Gregory I, also called Gregory the Great, becomes pope Under Gregory, Church becomes secular-a political power Pope’s palace becomes center of Roman government Uses Church money to raise armies, care for poor, negotiate treaties Establishes a Christendom-churchly kingdom fanning out from Rome An Empire Evolves Europe’s Kingdoms The Franks control largest and strongest of Europe’s many kingdoms By 511, Frankish rule extends over what is now France Charles Martel Emerges Most powerful official in kingdom is major domo-mayor of the palace In 719, major domo Charles Martel becomes more powerful than king Defeats Muslims from Spain at Tours in 732; becomes a Christian hero Son, Pepin, begins Carolingian Dynasty-family that ruled 751-987 Charlemagne Becomes Emperor From Pepin to Charlemagne Pepin dies in 768, leaves kingdom to two sons; in 771 one son dies Second son, Charlemagne (Charles the Great), rules kingdom Charlemagne Extends Frankish Rule Charlemagne’s armies reunite western Europe, spread Christianity In 800, Charlemagne travels to Rome to protect Pope Leo III from mobs Pope crowns Charlemagne emperor; gives him title, “Roman Emperor” Germanic power, Church, heritage of Roman Empire now joined together The Empire of Charlemagne, 814 Charlemagne assembled the largest empire in Europe since the days of ancient Rome. To the lands he inherited in 771, he added significant areas conquered by his troops to the northeast and southeast. In the southwest, he created the Spanish March, a small border area that later became the Catalonia region of Spain. In addition to creating an empire that was large, Charlemagne created one with religious unity. At the peak of his power, he ruled all of the lands where Roman Catholicism dominated, except modern-day England and Ireland. However, unlike the old Roman Empire in which Rome was the center of both political power and religious influence, Charlemagne’s kingdom was centered in Aachen, a northern European city. The unity forged by Charlemagne, however, did not survive long past his death in 814. His son, Louis the Pious, who was crowned in 813, was a weak leader. In turn, his sons plotted against each other to take over the territory, battling one another in several civil wars after 830. In 843, Charlemagne’s old empire was broken into three separate kingdoms. 1. What group of people living in the land between the Rhine and Elbe rivers did Charlemagne conquer? 2. What part of Italy was almost completely surrounded by territory directly controlled by Charlemagne? 3. In the east, Charlemagne stopped the advance of two groups of Asian invaders. Who were they? 4. Have students use a current map of Europe and locate the country in which Aachen is found. 5. Identify all the countries that were once all or partially within Charlemagne’s empire. Charlemagne Leads a Revival Charlemagne limits nobles’ power by governing through royal agents Encourages learning and orders monasteries to open schools Charlemagne’s Heirs Charlemagne dies in 814; his son, Louis the Pious, rules poorly Louis’s three grandsons fight for control of empire In 843 they divide empire into three kingdoms; sign Treaty of Verdun II. Feudalism in Europe Feudalism, a political and economic system based on land-holding and protective alliances, emerges in Europe. The rights and duties of feudal relationships helped shape today’s forms of representative government. Invaders Attack Western Europe The Vikings Invade from the North Warlike Vikings raid Europe from Scandinavia-Denmark, Norway, Sweden Viking long ships sail in shallow water, allowing raids inland Eventually, many Vikings adopt Christianity and become farmers Magyars and Muslims Attack from the East and South Magyars (Hungarian nomads) invade western Europe in late 800s Muslims strike north from Africa, attacking through Italy and Spain Viking, Magyar, Muslim invasions cause widespread disorder, suffering A New Social Order: Feudalism Feudalism Structures Society 850 to 950, feudalism emerges-political system based on land control A lord (landowner) gives fiefs (land grants) in exchange for services Vassals-people who receive fiefs-become powerful landholders Feudalism Structures Society 850 to 950, feudalism emerges-political system based on land control A lord (landowner) gives fiefs (land grants) in exchange for services Vassals-people who receive fiefs-become powerful landholders The Feudal Pyramid Power in feudal system much like a pyramid, with king at top Kings served by nobles who are served by knights; peasants at bottom Knights-horsemen-defend their lord’s land in exchange for fiefs The Development of Feudalism Toward the end of the fourth century, various Germanic tribes took advantage of the weaknesses of the Roman Empire and poured across its eastern borders. As the old social institutions declined, the Christian Church provided a source of unity in an uncertain world. The fall of Rome and the social upheavals caused by these invasions gradually forced Europeans to adopt new patterns of life. 1. Use this flow chart to discuss the development of the feudal system. The institutions associated with feudalism did not fully appear until after the collapse of Charlemagne’s empire in the ninth century. But the roots of feudalism lay in the conditions that followed the end of the Roman world and in the customs of the German tribes. Trace the chain of causes and effects that led to growth of the new economic, political, and social structures. 2. How did the importance of family ties and personal loyalty among Germanic peoples play a role in the evolution of new patterns of life? 3. Why was the population shift from cities to rural areas significant? 4. What did the peasants receive for all the services they performed? 5. What happened to the Church after the fall of Rome? How did it provide a source of unity? Social Classes are Well Defined Medieval feudal system classifies people into three social groups -those who fight: nobles and knights -those who pray: monks, nuns, leaders of the Church -those who work: peasants Social class is usually inherited; majority of people are peasants Most peasants are serfs-people lawfully bound to place of birth Serfs aren’t slaves, but what they produce belongs to their lord Manors: The Economic Side of Feudalism The Lord’s Estate The lord’s estate, a manor, has an economic system (manor system) Serfs and free peasants maintain the lord’s estate, give grain The lord provides housing, farmland, protection from bandits A Self-Contained World Medieval manors include lord’s house, church, workshops, village Manors cover a few square miles of land, are largely self-sufficient The Harshness of Manor Life Peasants pay taxes to use mill and bakery; pay a tithe to priest Tithe-a church tax-is equal to one-tenth of a peasant’s income Serfs live in crowded cottages with dirt floors, straw for beds Daily grind of raising crops, livestock; feeding and clothing family Poor diet, illness, malnutrition make life expectancy 35 years Serfs generally accept their lives as part of God’s plan III. The Age of Chivalry The code of chivalry for knights glorified both combat and romantic love. The code of chivalry has shaped modern ideas of romance in Western cultures. Knights: Warriors on Horseback The Technology of Warfare Changes Leather saddle and stirrups enable knights to handle heavy weapons In 700s, mounted knights become most important part of an army The Warrior’s Role in Feudal Society By 1000s, western Europe is a battleground of warring nobles Feudal lords raise private armies of knights Knights rewarded with land; provides income needed for weapons Knights’ other activities help train them for combat Knighthood and the Code of Chivalry The Code of Chivalry By 1100s knights obey code of chivalry-a set of ideals on how to act They are to protect weak and poor; serve feudal lord, God, chosen lady A Knight’s Training Boys begin to train for knighthood at age 7; usually knighted at 21 Knights gain experience in local wars and tournaments-mock battles Brutal Reality of Warfare Castles are huge fortresses where lords live Attacking armies use wide range of strategies and weapons The Literature of Chivalry Epic Poetry Epic poems recount a hero’s deeds and adventures The Song of Roland is about Charlemagne’s knights fighting Muslims Love Poems and Songs Knights’ duties to ladies are as important as those to their lords Troubadors-traveling poet-musicians-write and sing short verses Most celebrated woman of the age is Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122-1204) Eleanor’s son, Richard the Lion-Hearted, also wrote songs and poems Women’s Role in Feudal Society Status of Women According to the Church and feudal society, women are inferior to men Noblewomen Can inherit land, defend castle, send knights to war on lord’s request Usually confined to activities of the home or convent Peasant Women Most labor in home and field, bear children, provide for family Poor, powerless, do household tasks at young age IV. The Power of the Church Church leaders and political leaders competed for power and authority. Today, many religious leaders still voice their opinions on political issues. The Far-Reaching Authority of the Church The Structure of the Church Power within Church is organized by status; pope is supreme authority Clergy-religious officials-includes bishops, priests, and others Bishops supervise priests, settle Church disputes Religion as a Unifying Force Religion important in Middle Ages; shared beliefs bond people Clergy administers the sacraments-rites to achieve salvation Village church is place of worship and celebration The Law of the Church The Church has system of justice to guide people’s conduct All medieval Christians expected to obey canon law-Church law Canon law governs marriages and religious practices Popes have power over political leaders through threat of -excommunication-banishment from Church, denial of salvation -interdiction-king’s subjects denied sacraments and services Kings and emperors expected to obey pope’s commands The Church and the Holy Roman Empire Otto I Allies with the Church Otto I (Otto the Great) is crowned king of Germany in 936 Limits strength of nobles with help of clergy Gains support of bishops and abbots (heads of monasteries) Invades Italy on pope’s behalf; pope crowns him emperor in 962 Signs of Future Conflicts Otto’s German-Italian lands become Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire is the strongest European power until about 1100 The Emperor Clashes with the Pope Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII Pope Gregory VII bans lay investiture-kings appointing Church officials Henry IV orders pope to resign; Gregory VIII excommunicates Henry Showdown at Canossa Henry goes to Canossa, Italy, to beg Gregory for forgiveness Gregory forgives Henry, but lay investiture problem is not solved Concordat of Worms Concordat of Worms is 1122 compromise in Worms, Germany Compromise: pope appoints bishops, emperor can veto appointment Disorder in the Empire The Reign of Frederick I In 1152, Frederick I becomes king; dominates German princes Disorder breaks out whenever he leaves Germany Frederick invades Italy, meets defeat at Legnano in 1190 German States Remain Separate German kings after Frederick try to revive empire German princes, who elect kings, prefer to keep them weak Chapter 13 Visual Summary The Middle Ages were a period in which new institutions developed to replace those of the fallen Roman Empire. Although politically fragmented, medieval Europe developed certain common values and institutions that gave it a sense of unity. The Church provided order and security and became a symbol of continuity. Economic self-sufficiency became the key to survival. A new military and economic system called feudalism developed that was based on land ownership and upon mutual duties between a lord, his vassals, and the vast majority of peasants. 1. In what ways did the Church play a prominent role in Europe during the Middle Ages? 2. What was the feudal agreement between a lord and vassal? 3. Reexamine the steps one took to become a knight. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages to being a knight. Chapter 14: The Formation of Western Europe Church Reform and the Crusades Changes in Medieval Society England and France Develop Simony Gothic Urban II Crusade Saladin Richard the Lion-Hearted Reconquista Inquisition Three-field system Guild Commercial Revolution Burgher Vernacular Thomas Aquinas Scholastics William the Conqueror Henry II Common law Magna Carta Parliament Hugh Capet Philip II Estates-General The Hundred Years’ War and the Plague Avignon Great Schism John Wycliffe Jan Hus Bubonic Plague Hundred Years’ War Joan of Arc I. Church Reform and the Crusades The Catholic Church underwent reform and launched Crusades against Muslims. The Crusades left a legacy of distrust between Christians and Muslims that continues to the present. The Age of Faith Spiritual Revival Starting in 900s, monasteries help bring about a spiritual revival Reformers help restore and expand Church power Problems in the Church Some church officials marry even though the church objects Some officials practice simony-selling religious offices Kings use lay investiture to appoint bishops Reformers believe only the Church should appoint bishops Reform and Church Organization Starting in 1100s, popes recognize Church like a kingdom Pope’s advisors make Church laws; diplomats travel throughout Europe Church collects tithes; uses money to care for sick, poor New Religious Orders Dominican and Franciscan orders form Friars in these orders vow poverty; travel and preach to the poor Some new orders for women are founded Cathedrals-Cities of God Early Cathedrals Between 800-1100, churches are built in Romanesque style Style includes thick walls and pillars, small windows, round arches A New Style of Church Architecture Gothic style evolves around 1100; term for Germanic tribe, Goths Gothic style has large, tall windows for more light; pointed arches Churches have stained glass windows, many sculptures About 500 Gothic churches are built from 1170 to 1270 The Crusades The Beginning of the Crusades In 1093, Byzantine emperor asks for help fighting the Turks Pope Urban II issues a call for a Crusade-a “holy war” Goals of the Crusades Pope wants to reclaim Jerusalem and reunite Christianity Kings use the Crusades to send away knights who cause trouble Younger sons hope to earn land or win glory by fighting Later, merchants join Crusades to try to gain wealth through trade The First and Second Crusades Pope promises Crusaders who die a place in heaven First Crusade: three armies gather at Constantinople in 1097 Crusaders capture Jerusalem in 1099 Captured lands along coast divided into four Crusader states Muslims take back Edessa in 1144; Second Crusade fails to retake it In 1187 Saladin-Muslim leader and Kurdish warrior-retakes Jerusalem The Third Crusade Third Crusade led by three powerful rulers One is Richard the Lion-Hearted-King of England Phillip II of France abandons Crusade after arguing with Richard Frederick I of Germany drowns during the journey In 1192 Richard and Saladin make peace after many battles Saladin keeps Jerusalem but allows Christian pilgrims to enter city The Crusading Spirit Dwindles Later Crusades Fourth Crusade: Crusaders loot Constantinople in 1204 Two other Crusades strike Egypt, but fail to weaken Muslims The Children’s Crusade In 1212 thousands of children die or are enslaved in failed crusade A Spanish Crusade Most of Spain controlled by Moors, a Muslim people Christians fight Reconquista-drive Muslims from Spain, 1100-1492 Spain has Inquisition-court to suppress heresy; expels non-Christians The Effects of the Crusades The Crusades Change Life Crusades show power of Church in convincing thousands to fight Women who stay home manage the estate and business affairs Merchants expand trade, bring back many goods from Southwest Asia Failure of later crusades weakens pope and nobles, strengthens kings Crusades create lasting bitterness between Muslims and Christians II. Changes in Medieval Society The feudal system declined as agriculture, trade, finance, towns, and universities developed. The changes in the Middle Ages laid the foundations for modern Europe. A Growing Food Supply Changes in Agriculture From 800 to 1200 the climate warms, opening more land to farming Changes in technology result in more food production Switch to Horsepower Harnessed horses replace oxen in pulling plows and wagons Horses plow three times as much a day, increasing food supply The Three-Field System Around 800 three-field system used-plant two fields, let one rest This produces more food and leads to population increase Changes in Medieval Society, 1000–1500 Between 1000 and 1300 changes began to take place in medieval society. Agricultural methods improved and the population of western Europe expanded. As a result, trade and finance revived in Europe and urban centers began to flourish. The revival of cities led to the growth of a new political force—wealthy town dwellers called burghers. Gradually this group increased in importance and began to weaken the feudal system. 1. Study the step chart. The term burgher for a citizen comes from the word burg, which means a city or town. What do the steps in the chart represent? 2. What conclusions could you draw about the burghers from the facts presented in the chart? 3. How did the Hundred Years’ War contribute to a decline in the power of the feudal lords? 4. How did the rise of the burghers transform medieval society? 5. Divide the class into two groups. Based on the information provided in the chart and the text, have them debate the following question: Could the new monarchs of France and England have risen to power without the help of the burghers? The Guilds Development of Guilds Guilds develop-organization of people in the same occupation Merchant guilds begin first; they keep prices up, provide security Skilled artisans, men and women, form craft guilds Guilds set standards for quality, prices, wages, working conditions Guilds supervise training of new members of their craft The wealth of guilds influences government and economy Commercial Revolution Fairs and Trade Europe sees Commercial Revolution-changes in business and trade Trade fairs are held several times a year in towns Trade routes open in Asia, North Africa, and Byzantine ports Business and Banking Merchants develop credit to avoid carrying large sums of money Merchants take out loans to purchase goods, and banking grows Society Changes Economic changes lead to the growth of cities and of paying jobs Urban Life Flourishes Growing Urban Population 1000-1150, Europe’s population rises from 30 million to 42 million Most towns are small, but they help drive change Trade and Towns Grow Together Towns are uncomfortable: crowded, dirty, full of fire hazards Serfs can become free by living in a town for a year and a day Merchant Class Shifts the Social Order Feudal lords tax and govern towns, causing resentment Towns are taken over by burghers-town merchants Trade and Manufacturing in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300 Western Europe made remarkable progress in the period between 1000 and 1300. Food production increased as people used horses instead of oxen to plow farmland and used a three-field system of crop rotation instead of a two-field system. As food production increased, so did the population and the number and size of cities. With the growth of cities came the expansion of fairs, guilds, and banking. Universities developed in Paris, Bologna, and elsewhere. In addition to these changes, trade increased with people both inside and outside of Europe. Both overland trade routes and sea routes linked regions together and promoted economic growth. Cities such as Venice, Paris, and Cologne increased in size and wealth. 1. What commodities might a trader purchase in the port of Alexandria? 2. Explain why the location of Venice made it an excellent trade center. 3. What natural resources located west of London helped promote the development of manufacturing in that region? 4. From where might a textile manufacturing firm in Brussels have gotten the wool and flax it needed? 5. Write a travel log for a trip on a trading mission between any two cities or regions shown on the map. Ask them to describe their mode of travel, the products involved in trade, and everyday events and impressive sites they noticed along the way. The Revival of Learning The Muslim Connection Christian scholars read translation of Greek works made by Muslims Crusaders return with Muslim knowledge of navigation, ships, weapons Scholars and the University Groups of scholars gather to teach and learn; form universities Written works not in Latin but in vernacular-everyday language Aquinas and Medieval Philosophy Thomas Aquinas, a religious scholar, mixes Greek and Christian thought He is scholastic-university man; debates issues to increase knowledge III. England and France Develop As the kingdoms of England and France began to develop into nations, certain democratic traditions evolved. Modern concepts of jury trials, common law, and legal rights developed during this period. England Absorbs Waves of Invaders Early Invasions Danish Vikings invade England throughout the 800s Alfred the Great and his successors gradually unite England Danish king Canute invades in 1016, uniting Vikings and Anglo-Saxons The Norman Conquest In 1066, England is invaded for last time by William the Conqueror He defeats his rival for English crown, becomes king William keeps one-fifth of land; hands out rest to supporters England’s Evolving Government King and Vassal English rulers’ goal: to control lands in both England and France Henry II-King of England-gains more French land through marriage Henry is king in England and a vassal in France Juries and Common Law Henry sends judges to all parts of England and institutes juries The judges’ decisions form English common law-unified body of laws Common law forms the basis of law in many English-speaking countries The Magna Carta In 1215 English nobles force King John to sign Magna Carta Magna Carta-limits king’s power and guarantees basic political rights English people argue the rights are for all people, not just nobles The Model Parliament In 1295, Edward I summons wealthy townsmen and knights to raise taxes Together with bishops and lords, they form a parliament-legislative body Parliament has two houses: House of Lords, House of Commons Capetian Dynasty Rules France The End of the Carolingians New French dynasty founded by Hugh Capet-a duke from central France The Capetians rule France from Paris from 987-1328 France Becomes a Separate Kingdom Early Capetians are weak rulers; gradually kings become stronger Philip II Expands His Power Philip II-a powerful Capetian, rules 1180-1223 Philip expands land controlled by French king He establishes bailiffs to collect taxes and run courts Philip II’s Heirs 1226 to 1270 grandson Louis IX strengthens the central government 1285 to 1314 Philip IV rules; questions pope’s authority in France Philip calls meeting of lords and bishops to support his policies He decides to include commoners in the meeting Estates-General The meeting is called the Estates-General Participants in the council come from France’s three Estates -First Estate-Church Leaders -Second Estate-Lords -Third Estate-Commoners, landholders, merchants Beginnings of Democracy England and France begin to establish a democratic tradition A centralized government is created to rule widespread lands Common law and court system support a central government Commoners included in decision making IV. The Hundred Years’ War and the Plague In the 1300s, Europe was torn apart by religious strife, the bubonic plague, and the Hundred Years’ War. Events of the 1300s led to a change in attitudes toward religion and the state, a change reflected in modern attitudes. A Church Divided Pope and King Collide In 1300, Pope Boniface VIII asserts authority over France’s Philip IV Philip has him imprisoned; pope dies soon after Avignon and the Great Schism In 1305, French pope is chosen; moves to Avignon-city in France In 1378, two popes chosen-one in Rome, one in Avignon Each declares the other false, causing split called Great Schism In 1417, Council of Constance ends schism, chooses Martin V as pope Scholars Challenge Church Authority Englishman John Wycliffe argues Jesus is head of Church, not pope Wycliffe preaches against wealth and worldliness of clergy Wycliffe inspires English translation of New Testament Jan Hus-Bohemian professor-teaches that Bible is final authority Hus is excommunicated, tried as a heretic, burned at stake in 1415 The Bubonic Plague Strikes Origins and Impact of the Plague In 1300s, Europe suffers bubonic plague-extremely deadly disease Begins in Asia; spreads to Italy and other countries over trade routes About one-third of Europe’s population dies in the epidemic Effects of the Plague Town populations fall, trade declines, prices rise Some serfs leave manors for paying work Many Jews blamed and killed; Church suffers weakened stature The Hundred Years’ War England and France Hundred Years’ War-lasts from 1337-1453, between England and France English king Edward III claims French throne War marks the end of medieval society; change in style of warfare The Longbow Changes Warfare In 1346, English army with longbows beats much larger French army The English win other victories with longbows in 1356 and 1415 Victory of longbows signals end of reliance on knights Joan of Arc Joan of Arc-French peasant girl who believes in visions of saints She leads French army to victory at Orleans; Charles VII crowned king In 1430 England’s allies, the Burgundians, capture Joan in battle The Church condemns Joan as a witch and heretic On May 30, 1431, she is burned at the stake The Impact of the Hundred Years’ War Hundred Years’ War ends in 1453 France and England experience major changes -rise in nationalistic feelings; king becomes national leader -power and prestige of French monarch increases -religious devotion and the code of chivalry crumbles England begins period of turmoil, War of the Roses Chapter 14 Visual Summary The period between 1000 and 1300 in Europe is often referred to as the Age of Faith, symbolized by the gothic cathedrals built during this time. It was also the period in which thousands of crusaders marched toward the holy land in an attempt to recapture Jerusalem from the Turks. During this time, important changes began taking place in medieval society. Gradually the feudal world began to give way to new institutions. During the mid-1300s, a devastating plague and the Hundred Years’ War struck European society and accelerated the societal changes that were already underway. 1. What exceptions do you see to the notion that the Middle Ages was the Age of Faith? 2. What factors caused changes in the economy of medieval Europe? 3. How did the Hundred Years’ War and the bubonic plague change medieval life in Europe? 4. What was significant politically about the strong central governments that emerged in England and France during this period?
