Essential Biology 02.3: Eukaryotes
Chloe Troulan
1. In the table below, compare prokaryote and eukaryote cells.
Prokaryote
70S (small) ribosomes
Eukaryote
80S (large) ribosomes
The nucleoid is naked DNA
True nucleus contains DNA
No mitochondria
Mitocondria
Cell parts
Organelles in discrete membranes
The cell parts float in the cytoplasm
Internal membranes enclose organelles
Under 10 micrometers in diameter
10-15µm in diameter
2. What is the literal meaning of the term eukaryote?
The term ‘eukaryote’ means “true nucleus” because it has a nucleus not a nucleoid like the
prokaryotes.
3. What was Robert Brown’s role in forming Cell theory? What else is he celebrated for?
Robert Brown is celebrated for inventing microscopes and his role in forming cell theory is that
he was the first to see the internal actions of a cell.
4. Symbiont theory suggests how eukaryotic cells arose from prokaryotes through evolution.
Briefly outline symbiont theory.
Symbiont theory is when a smaller unicellular organism becomes part of a larger organism
which is then altered and through time becomes the organelles found within the cell.
5. With the aid of labeled diagrams, compare the structures of plant and animal cells.
Include annotations on the functions of each organelle and scale bars to show size.
Plant cells and animal cells are very similar in ways because most of their organelles are the same apart
from three organelles in the plant cell that are not present in an animal cell. These three organelles
found in a plant cell are: a cell wall, chloroplasts and a vauole. An animal cell does not need a cell wall
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Bandung International School
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Essential Biology 02.3: Eukaryotes
because it does not need to keep a strong shape like a plant cell, an animal cell does not need
chloroplasts because they are what absorb the light to enable the plant to go through photosynthesis
whereas an animal cell does not need to go through photosynthesis they need to take in oxygen to
survive, a plant cell takes in carbon dioxide and releases oxygen after photosynthesis. The last organelle
that a plant has which an animal cell doesn’t is vacuoles, the vacuoles in a plant cell store food, water
and waste products as well as other materials and nutrients as well as keeping the plant cell strong to
keep the adult plant upright. There is one organelle that an animal cell has that a plant cell doesn’t and
this is the centrioles, the centrioles are used in cell division, a plant cell does not go through cell division.
When looking at the two cells together we see that although they have the 4 different structures there
are many of the same organelles and these are: Golgi apparatus which packages and distributes
proteins, the golgi apparatus then works with the endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes which synthesize
proteins, a nucleus that contains the DNA of the cell, cell wall which regulates what substances and
materials come in and out of the cell and lastly the mitochondria which provides energy for the cell.
6. Complete the table below to describe various eukaryotic organelles.
Organelle
Function of organelle
Draw it
Storage and protection of
genetic information on
chromosomes.
*Read Below
Ribosome
Small spherical subunit
consisting of two subunits,
some attached to
membranes, others free.
Synthesize proteins
*Read Below
Lysosome
Spherical organelles
surrounded by a single
membrane, containing
hydrolytic enzymes.
Digestion of structures ad
molecules that are not
needed in the cell.
*Read Below
Mitochondria
Organelles surrounded by
two membranes, the inner
of which is folded inwards.
Provides energy for the
cell by breaking down
nutrients
*Read Below
Chloroplast
Double-membrane
containing layers of
membranes (thylakoid
stacks) and the pigment
chlorophyll.
Gives plants their green
colour and absorbs
sunlight for
photosynthesis
*Read Below
Nucleus
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Structure (description)
Region of the cell containing
chromosomes, surrounded
by a double membrane, in
which there are pores.
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Essential Biology 02.3: Eukaryotes
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Large, folding membrane
structure found close to the
nucleus, with ribosomes
attached to some surfaces.
This is where substances
ect are transported
through, it transports the
proteins in the cell
*Read Below
Golgi Apparatus
Large, folded membrane
structure found close to the
plasma membrane, often
with vesicles budding off the
outer edge.
Packages and distributes
proteins throughout the
cell
*Read Below
*The actual drawings for above are on a separate sheet of paper*
7. The image below shows a TEM micrograph of a liver cell.
a. Identify the labeled structures.
Nuclear
membrane
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Centrioles
b. Calculate the magnification of the image.
M=ml/sbl
m= 22mm/1um
m=22000/1um
m= 22,000X
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Bandung International School
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Essential Biology 02.3: Eukaryotes
c. Calculate the maximum diameter of the nucleus.
8. State three differences between plant and animal cells.
The three differences between plant cells and animal cells are that plants cells have a
chloroplast, a cell wall and a vacuole whereas animal cells do not have these. The reason animal
cells do not have these are because they do not go through the process of photosynthesis, they
do not need to stay in one shape and they do not to get rid of any wastes.
9. Extracellular components are materials or structures which extend beyond the plasma
membrane. Outline the role of an extracellular component in a plant cell and an animal cell.
Plant: The extracellular component in a plant cell is the cell wall, this helps give support to keep
the cell in shape. It regulates intracellular communication and allows growth to happen
Animal: The extracellular component in an animal cell is
10. In the space below, draw and label three specialized cells (two animal, one plant), outlining the
relationship between structure and function in each case.
On a separate sheet of paper.
Stephen Taylor
Bandung International School
http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com