Essential Biology 02.3: Eukaryotes
1. In the table below, compare prokaryote and eukaryote cells.
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
70S (small) ribosomes
80S (large) ribosomes
Nucleoid is naked DNA
True nucleus contains DNA
No mitochondria
Mitochondria
Cell parts
Organelles in discrete membranes
Cell parts float in cytoplasm
Internal membranes enclose organelles
Under 10 micrometers in diameter
10-15µm in diameter
2. What is the literal meaning of the term eukaryote?
The term eukaryote means true nucleus.
3. What was Robert Brown’s role in forming Cell theory? What else is he celebrated for?
Robert Brown was the first to see the internal actions of a cell. He is celebrated because he invented
microscopes.
4. Symbiont theory suggests how eukaryotic cells arose from prokaryotes through evolution. Briefly
outline symbiont theory.
Symbiont theory is where smaller unicellular organisms became part of larger organism and over time
altered and became the organelles within the cell.
5. With the aid of labeled diagrams, compare the structures of plant and animal cells.
Include annotations on the functions of each organelle and scale bars to show size.
In an animal cell there is no cell wall as it does not need to keep a strong shape, there is no
chloroplast because that is what gives plants its green color and it also has no vacuole which is
which stores food and water and nutrients in a plant cell. However the animal cell also has
centrioles which is used in cell division in mitosis or meiosis, which a plant cell does not do.
However there are also many parts of the cell that both plant and animal cells share. These
include the cell membrane which regulates what goes in and out of the cell, mitochondria which
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Essential Biology 02.3: Eukaryotes
provides energy, the nucleus that stores the DNA, the golgi apparatus which packages and
distributes proteins and works with the endoplasmic reticulum to do this and lastly the ribosomes
that synthesize proteins.
6. Complete the table below to describe various eukaryotic organelles.
Organelle
Structure (description)
Nucleus
Region of the cell containing
Storage and protection of
chromosomes, surrounded by
genetic information on
a double membrane, in which
chromosomes.
there are pores.
Ribosome
Small spherical subunit
consisting of two subunits,
Synthesizes proteins
some attached to membranes,
others free.
Lysosome
Spherical organelles
surrounded by a single
membrane, containing
hydrolytic enzymes.
Mitochondria
Organelles surrounded by two
Provides energy for the cell
membranes, the inner of
by breaking down nutrients.
which is folded inwards.
Chloroplast
Double-membrane containing
Absorbs sunlight for
layers of membranes
photosynthesis and give
(thylakoid stacks) and the
plants their green color.
pigment chlorophyll.
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Function of organelle
Digestion of structures ad
molecules that are not
needed in the cell.
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Essential Biology 02.3: Eukaryotes
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Large, folding membrane
structure found close to the
nucleus, with ribosomes
attached to some surfaces.
Golgi Apparatus
Large, folded membrane
structure found close to the
Packages and distributes
plasma membrane, often with
proteins throughout the cell.
vesicles budding off the outer
edge.
It is the cells carrying
system and transports
proteins in the cell.
7. The image below shows a TEM micrograph of a liver cell.
a. Identify the labeled structures.
Plasma membrane
nucleus
DNA
Endoplasmic Reticulum
b. Calculate the magnification of the image.
1.4/0.01 = 140
Therefore the magnification is 140 x the original size
c. Calculate the maximum diameter of the nucleus.
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Bandung International School
Centrioles
Essential Biology 02.3: Eukaryotes
8. State three differences between plant and animal cells.
Plant cells have a chloroplast, a cell wall and a vacuole while animal cells do not have these as they do
not apply to their function because it does not do photosynthesis, need to keep a set shape or get rid of
waste.
9. Extracellular components are materials or structures which extend beyond the plasma membrane.
Outline the role of an extracellular component in a plant cell and an animal cell.
Plant: known as the cell wall, helps keep support but still allows growth and regulates
intercellular communication.
Animal: Provides structural support, separating tissues from one another and regulating
intercellular communication.
10. In the space below, draw and label three specialized cells (two animal, one plant), outlining the
relationship between structure and function in each case.
*Done in notebook *
Stephen Taylor
http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com
Bandung International School