Vertebrates - CH 31 Part 1 Notes
Chordates


Non-vertebrate Chordates
o Subphylum________________________________
o Subphylum________________________________
Vertebrates
o ________________________________
o ________________________________
o ________________________________
o ________________________________
Animal Evolution




_______________________________first life on Earth
_______________________________first tetrapods appear
o What’s a tetrapod?
_______________________________first mammals appear
_______________________________modern humans
You should be able to completely fill
out this chart (on the right) and the
chart for chordates by the end of
chapter 31.
What differentiates chordates from
echinoderms?
What is a deuterostome again?
Chordates
Phylum Chordata
 Four Main Characteristics
________________
________________
________________
________________
Invertebrate Chordates
Notochord persists and is __________________________________________
 (Subphylum _________________________) - Lancelets
____________________
 (Subphylum _____________________) - Tunicates
_________________________
You should be able to completely fill
out this chart also (on the left) by the
end of chapter 31.
What differentiates Invertebrate
Chordates and Vertebrates?
Hint….look on page 560 and on the
next page.
Vertebrates
Subphylum ______________
Hint
________________________ of vertebrates is ___________________ that grows with the animal
 Main axis of skeleton consists of _______________________________________________
 ___________________ is accompanied by sense organs
 __________________________________________
 _____________________ allows reproduction on land
Phylogenetic Tree of Chordates
Be careful to only use characteristics discussed in
this class and one that are actually on the chart
such.
What differentiates the 3 types of fishes?
How are amphibians and other “higher” vertebrates
different?
How are reptiles and birds different?
What differentiates mammals from other
vertebrates?
Vertebrate






______________________ with vertebral column
________________ circulatory system
_________________ appendages
______________________________________________
High degree of _________________________
Adapted to _______________________________
How have these features allowed vertebrates to grow so large compared with the
invertebrates?
Vertebrates - CH 31 Part 2 Notes
Vertebrata
• Hallmarks of vertebrata:
 At some point have all 4 chordata characteristics:
_________________________________________________
 ______________________________________________ of cartilage or bone
• Vertebrata has over ______________________________ species
Fishes
 _________________________________
 __________________________________
 Largest group of ___________________; 25,00
species
Fishes
Jawless fishes (Superclass Agnatha)
 Ostracoderms - ___________________
 _________________________ are
modern-day jawless fishes that lack a
bony skeleton
Gnathostomates have jaws
 Jaws thought to have evolved from
_________________________________
 Placoderms
Extinct ________________ of
Devonian
Thought to be ancestral to _____________________________________
Cartilaginous Fishes
Class Chondrichthyes have a skeleton of _________________________________________
 Cartilaginous Fishes
____________________________
Lack _____________________________
Utilize _____________________________
____________________________________
Pectoral fins can be enlarged into _______________________________
Bony Fishes
Class Osteichthyes have a __________________________
 Most are ______________________________


_________________________________________ are small subgroup with
____________________ supported by ________________________
 coelacanth
Swim bladder
 _____________________________ in bony fishes
 Volume can be altered to change _____________________
Tetrapods
Tetrapods (_______________________)
Hypotheses of ______________________
 ____________________________ had an evolutionary advantage due to movement capability
 further adaptations promoted by:
 _____________________________
 Absence of _____________________
Vertebrates - CH 31 Part 3 Notes
Amphibians today occur in three groups all in CLASS -_______________________
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
 ______________________
Most return to ______________________
Most can absorb ______________________
How does this make them susceptible to human activities?


Salamanders and newts (not really a classification term)
 ______________________
 Salamanders practice ______________________
 Lack ______________________
 ______________________, either smooth or covered with tubercles
 _______ flattened from side to side and often finned.
Frogs and toads
 ______________________ (always?)
 Most fertilization is ______________________
 Frogs – ______________________
 Toads – ______________________
 Caecilians
o ____________________________________________
o _______________________ fertilization
o 160 species; most live ______________________
o Eat ______________________
Amphibian Features






Usually ___________________________
_____________________ usually present in
adults
________________________________
Smooth and moist ________________ (Why?)
________________________ heart
___________________ (What does this mean?)
a)
b)
c)
Class Reptilia
 Thought to have evolved from ____________________________________________
 Practice ______________________
 Lay eggs protected by a ____________________________________________
(How is this different from amphibian eggs?)
Reptiles have a ___________________ that is keratinized and __________________ to water
 Usually ______________________
 Which ones are not?
 Lungs with ______________________
 ____________________________________________(What does this mean?)
 ______________________
 ______________________ (Where would you see this?
Vertebrates - CH 31 Part 4 Notes Birds
Characteristics of Class Aves



_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
Birds Today
Approximately ______________________ species
– Amphibia ____________
–Reptilia _______________
–Mammalia __________________
• 30 orders, 174 families and 2044 genera
Why do you think birds are so successful?
Bird Beaks – Why the difference?