Jeff Yoshimura
AP Biology
4/11/2020
Page 1 of 3
1.
Name and describe the four characteristics shared by all chordates. Name several examples of chordates. a.
Notochord - long flexible rod between digestive tube & nerve cord b.
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord – develops into brain & spinal cord c.
Pharyngeal Slits – digestive tube, mouth to anus; gas exchange, jaw support, hearing, etc. d.
Muscular, postanal tail – tail, has skeletal elements, propulsive force in aquatic species
2.
Name and describe the four characteristics shared by all vertebrates. Name several examples of vertebrates. (this is a weak answer…) a.
Endoskeleton b.
Closed circulatory system c.
Cehpalization d.
Nervous system
3.
What group is more inclusive: chordate or vertebrate. Explain your answer. a.
Chordate is more inclusive because it includes vertebrates. See fig
4.
Compare and contrast (using a table format) Class Chondrichthyes with Class Osteichthyes based on the
Gas Exchange
Mechanism
Representatives/exa mples following criteria: skeleton composition, gas exchange mechanism, buoyancy, # species/diversity representatives/examples.
Skeleton
Composition
Buoyancy
# species/diversity
Class Chondrichthyes

Flexible cartilaginous skeleton

1 st cartilage does not become ossified (bony)





Water in mouth & out gills
Must pump water or swim continuously
Denser than water
Shark stores oil in liver
750 existent species

Sharks
 stingrays
Class Osteichthyes

Bony fishes

Ossified endoskeleton

Skin covered w/ bony scales

Gills
 swim bladder can help gas exchange

Swim bladder – air sac

Can remain motionless  save energy

30,000 species
 ray-finned fishes
 lobe finned fishes
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Jeff Yoshimura
AP Biology
4/11/2020
Page 2 of 3
5.
What is the relationship between tetrapods and bony fishes? a.
Highly specialized fishes that have skeleton-supported legs instead of fins
6.
Explain four anatomical/physiological characteristics of amphibians that require them to live in water or moist environments. a.
Amniotic egg – terrestrial vertebrates can reproduce w/o water; have shell that retains water b.
Extra embryonic membrane - gas exchange, waste storage, and the transfer of stored nutrients to the embryo; develop from tissue that grow outside the embryo c.
Amnion – fluid-filled cavity to protect from mechanical shock & prevent dehydration d.
Chorion – exchange gases between embryo & surrounding air; O
2
& CO
2
diffuse through shell e.
Yolk sac – stockpile of nutrients
7.
Which classes of vertebrates produce amniotic eggs? a.
Reptilia, Aves
8.
Name four adaptations of reptiles that permit them to survive in a terrestrial environment. a.
Keratinized skin – scales that have keratin; waterproof skin; prevent dehydration in dry air b.
Lay amniotic eggs c.
Regulation of body temperature by behavioral adaptations: basking in sun vs. seeking shade (ectotherms) d.
Use solar energy to aid breakdown of food  saves energy
9.
Name (at least) three adaptations of birds that enhance flight. a.
Internal honeycomb structure of bones b.
Trim weight: lack some organs, no teeth, c.
Hollow central shaft in feather d.
Acute vision; Larger brains e.
Wings…
10.
What do all mammals have in common? a.
Mammary glands – produce milk; nourish babies with milk b.
Hair made of keratin c.
Endothermic; most have active metabolism d.
Efficient respiratory & circulatory systems  high metabolic rate e.
Internal fertilization; internal development f.
Long parental care g.
Differentiation of teeth to specific applications
11.
Distinguish between the reproductive strategies of monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals. Provide at least one example of each type of mammal. a.
Monotremes – lay eggs, produce milk, no nipples (ex. Platypuses, spiny anteaters) b.
Marsupials – born very early, completes embryonic development while nursing; generally in maternal pouch (marsupium) (ex. Opossums, kangaroos, bandicoots, and koalas) c.
Placental mammals – longer period of pregnancy; more related to marsupials than monotremes; complete embryonic development in uterus (ex. Humans)
12.
Compare and contrast the Class Mammalia, Class Amphibia, Class Reptilia, and Class Ayes using the following characteristics - skin/outer covering, location of fertilization, location of development, # of heart chambers, location of respiratory membrane (internal or external), # species/diversity, other...
Skin/outer covering
Location of fertilization
Location of development
# of heart chambers
Class Mammalia
Hair, skin, fat
Internal
Internal
4
Class Amphibia
Moist skin
External
External
Class Reptilia
Keratinized skin
Internal
External
Class Ayes
Internal
External
4
Location of Internal lungs Internal lungs Internal lungs
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respiratory membrane
# of species/diversity 4,500 ~10, 000 6,500 8,600
Jeff Yoshimura
AP Biology
4/11/2020
Page 3 of 3
D:\726844722.doc