Study guide questions Life 2022
Lecture 8: Echinoderms, Chordates, fishes
1. List the two deuterostome phyla.
2. What is the water vascular system? What is the madreporite? What are the
functions of the tube feet?
3. What is mutable connective tissue? What are some advantages to possessing
it?
4. What are the names of the 3 classes of echinoderms that we addressed and
what are some examples of each?
5. What do sea urchins eat? How can this affect the kelp forest ecosystem?
6. Be able to describe why sea otters are a keystone species in the North
Pacific ocean. Be able to interpret the graphs that describe this phenomenon
(how changes in the diet of the killer whale revealed the importance of sea
otters).
7. What bizarre defenses do sea cucumbers possess? Be able to describe each
in general terms.
8. What are the 4 traits that define the phylum Chordata? What is the
function of each trait?
9. Make a diagram of an idealized chordate identifying each of these four
traits.
10. What are the common names of urochordates?
11. What are the functions of the pharyngeal gill slits in urochordates and
cephalochordates?
12. How does the morphology of larval and adult urochordates differ?
13. What is the common name of the most common cephalochordate?
14.
See Fig. 34.22 (shown in slide 18) for clarification on what
chordates are craniates and which are vertebrates. Remember: all
vertebrates are also craniates, but not all craniates are vertebrates.
15. In addition to the 4 chordate characteristics, what additional traits do all
vertebrates possess?
16. What is an example of a vertebrate without a jaw? What do most of these
animals feed on?
17. What vertebrates possess jaws (Gnathostomata in slide 19)?
18. What is one hypothesis for the evolutionary origin of vertebrate jaws?
19. What does Chondrichthyes mean? What is the function of the lateral line in
"fishes" (including sharks)?
20. What type of fertilization do sharks have?
21. What do the words oviparous, viviparous, and ovoviviparous mean? Be able to
explain how these reproductive modes differ.
22. Using Fig. 34.12, be able to explain why "fish" as a group are paraphyletic
(see slides 30-33)
23. In ray-finned, what is the function of the swim bladder? The gills? The
fins?
24. What is the most diverse group of "fish"?