THE FEASIBILITY OF JACKFRUIT PEELING
AS BINDER TO WHITEWARE
PLASTIC MASS (A. heterophylla)
__________________
A Research Paper
Presented to the
Science & Research Department
Integrated Developmental School
MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology
__________________
In Partial Fulfillment for the Course
Science Research
__________________
AHMAD JOHARI Asalan ABBAS
JEREMIAH Laplap CABILI
March 2012
APPROVAL SHEET
This research paper entitled “THE FEASIBILITY OF JACKFRUIT PEELING AS
BINDER TO WHITEWARE PLASTIC MASS (A. heterophylla))” prepared and submitted
by AHMAD JOHARI Asalan ABBAS and JEREMIAH Laplap CABILI
Adviser
________________
Date
Panel Member
Panel Member
Date
Date
Technical Consultant (optional)
___________________
Date
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the Course in Science Research
I/II.
Chairperson, Science & Research
____________
Date
Principal, IDS
____________
Date
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background of Study
In order to successfully form plastic masses, the use of additives and processing aids have
always been a must. Binders have been called the most important processing additive of the
Ceramic Sintering Process (also firing) and along with other additives (Cerchio, 2006). The role
of the binder includes aggregation and holding the different whiteware components during the
firing process to acquire clean and uniform heating while providing exceptional green strength to
the sintered parts.
Ceramic Binders are quite expensive and the utilization of Ceramic binders from local
and cheaper materials is also quite a necessity considering the low economic status of different
countries especially, Philippines. Carboxymethyl Cellulose (a kind of binder) costs $2000$3000/metric ton (Market Price, Hefei Changming Co., Ltd. 2011) and are even imported from
outside the country thus, the price increases and is multiplied when it reaches the local market.
The Researchers of the study plan to use the Jackfruit peeling as the raw material of the target
alternative binder. Almost all the parts of the Jackfruit tree including its fruit secretes latex when
injured which is a good factor when it comes to binding. The Jackfruit peeling itself also
contains cellulose which is the chief component of plants’ cell walls. Cellulose products such as
the Carboxymethyl Cellulose are used as binder.
1
The study will evaluate the effectiveness of Jackfruit peeling as the raw material for an
alternative binder. Furthermore, the study will determine the plasticity, liquid and plastic limit of
the standard whiteware mass that will be used for the plastic mass formulation.
B.
Statement of the problem
The study will evaluate the feasibility of the Jackfruit peeling as an effective raw material
in the formulation of alternative ceramic binder to standard whiteware plastic mass.
Sub-problems
1) What are the characteristics of the new plastic masses using water as ceramic binder and
the characteristics of the new plastic masses using jackfruit pulp as ceramic binder in
terms of their:
a. shrinkage
b. modulus of rupture
c. loss on ignition
2) Is there a significant difference between the plastic masses using water and jackfruit pulp
as binder?
2
C.
Hypotheses
a. There is no significant difference between the new plastic masses using water and
jackfruit pulp as binder.
b. The alternative binder utilized from Jackfruit peeling is not an effective raw material of
the said formulation.
c. The plastic mass formed with the use of the alternative binder utilized from Jackfruit
peelings is not comparable to plastic masses formed with use of artificial binders.
D.
Objectives of the study
The study aims:
1. To determine the effectiveness of the Jackfruit Peeling as raw material to alternative
binder.
2. To determine the shrinkage of the new plastic masses formed with binder utilized from
Jackfruit peeling.
3. To determine the modulus of rupture of the new plastic masses formed with binder
utilized from Jackfruit peeling.
4. To determine the loss on ignition of the new plastic masses formed with binder utilized
from Jackfruit peeling.
3
E.
Significance of the study
Considering the low economic status of many countries especially Philippines, the need
of producing alternative products in place of commercial products have been the main pursuit of
many researchers nowadays. The importance of ceramic binders, as a part of a growing industrial
country became more apparent because of the growing needs of ceramic engineering that
requires ceramic binders, and the goal of the researchers in this study to produce a better
alternative material using the Jackfruit peeling as the raw material came in as one of the good
solutions on contributing in the economic growth of the country. Since we import binders from
outside the country, having an alternative and cheaper binder is major step in our economy.
Besides the future contribution of this study to our economy, this study also aims to
lessen the waste level production in our society. Successfully coming up of a way of utilizing
waste products such as usually disposed jackfruit peeling into useful products like alternative
binders is also a major step in solving one of the major problems of the country – too much
waste disposal.
Since Jackfruit peeling is one of the fruit which is abundant in our country, using it as a
raw material to alternative binders is one way of promoting our own products. This study will
open many opportunities especially in the field of ceramic engineering in our country and give
way to the production of binders in our country.
The ceramic engineers in our country will no longer need to import ceramic binders
which will decrease the production price of plastic masses and thus also decreases the price of
plastic masses (porcelains, plastic wares and the like) in the local market.
4
The success of this study will also give way to the exportation of binders outside the
country which will improve the net profit of the businessmen in the country thus also improving
the salaries of both employees and employers of businesses in the field of ceramics thus again,
will contribute to the economy our country.
F.
Scope and Limitation
This study will utilize the Jackfruit peeling as the raw material to the alternative binder; it
will be mixed with water to form an alternative binder. The study will also focus on the
determination of shrinkage, modulus of rupture and loss on ignition of the new plastic masses
using water and jackfruit pulp as ceramic binder.
G.
Definition of Terms
Jackfruit
a species of tree in the Artocarpus genus of the mulberry family (Moraceae). Jackfruit
peeling is used in our study as the source of cellulose and latex that will be the main
materials needed in producing binders.
Cellulose
a complex carbohydrate, or polysaccharide, consisting of 3,000 or more glucose units.
The basic structural component of plant cell walls, cellulose comprises about 33 percent
5
of allvegetable matter (90 percent of cotton and 50 percent of wood are cellulose) and is
the most abundant of all naturally occurring organic compounds. In ceramic engineering,
cellulose products such as Carboxymethyl Cellulose are used as binders. Besides its latex
content, jackfruits also contain cellulose.
Binder
is a ceramic ingredient which binds or holds the ceramic particles such as clay particles
and powder particles. It also gives dry and wet strength to the body of ceramic particles. It
will be the goal of the study to produce an effective alternative binder using the jackfruit
peeling as a raw material.
Ceramics
a term applied to all useful or ornamental clay objects that are baked. It includes both
pottery and porcelain. Any clay object fashioned from earth and hardened by baking,
either in the or by firing is considered pottery. This study encompasses the formation of
ceramics since it includes firing process.
Shrinkage
is the rate at which the body shrinks during drying and firing. This characteristic is
interrelated and affected by the clay body formulation and by the firing time and
temperature. This study will use the determined shrinkage of the new plastic masses
using jackfruit peeling and water as binders to evaluate the effectiveness of jackfruit
peeling as raw material to alternative binders.
6
Modulus of Rupture
is the ultimate strength determined in a flexure or torsion test. In a flexure test, modulus
of rupture in bending is the maximum fiber stress at failure. This study will use the
determined modulus of rupture of the new plastic masses using jackfruit peeling and
water as binders to evaluate the effectiveness of jackfruit peeling as raw material to
alternative binders.
Loss on Ignition
is a test used in inorganic analytical chemistry, particularly in the analysis of minerals. It
is designed to measure the amount of moisture or impurities lost when the sample is
ignited under the conditions specified in the individual monograph. . This study will use
the determined loss on ignition of the new plastic masses using jackfruit peeling and
water as binders to evaluate the effectiveness of jackfruit peeling as raw material to
alternative binders.
Standard Whiteware Plastic Mass
a pre-mixed clay made of 25% ball clay, white clay, feldspar and quartz (Valencia L.T.,
2006). Standard Whiteware Plastic Mass will be formed in the study using jackfruit
peeling as its binder. Its Plasticity, Plastic Limit and Liquid Limit will be determined and
will be used as reference in evaluating the feasibility of jackfruit peeling as binder to
Standard Whiteware Plastic Mass.
7
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES
The jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus or A. heterophylla) is a species of tree in
the Artocarpus genus
of
the mulberry family
(Moraceae).
It
is
native
to
parts
of
Southern and Southeast Asia. It is the national fruit of Bangladesh, (locally called Kathal). The
jackfruit tree is believed to be indigenous to the southwestern rain forests of India. It is widely
cultivated in the tropical regions of Indian subcontinent, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia.
Jackfruit is also found in East Africa e.g. in Uganda and Mauritius, as well as
throughout Brazil and Caribbean nations like Jamaica. It is well suited to tropical lowlands, and
its fruit is the largest tree-born fruit, reaching 80 pounds (36 kg) in weight and up to 36 inches
(90 cm) long and 20 inches (50 cm) in diameter. The jackfruit tree casts a very dense shade.
Heavy side branching usually begins near the ground.
Outside of its countries of origin, fresh jackfruit can be found at Asian food markets,
especially in the Philippines. It is also extensively cultivated in the Brazilian coastal region,
where it is sold in local markets. It is available canned in sugar syrup, or frozen. Dried jackfruit
chips are produced by various manufacturers. In northern Australia, particularly in Darwin,
Australia, jackfruit can be found at outdoor produce markets during the dry season. Outside of
countries where it is grown, jackfruit can be obtained year-round either canned or dried. It has a
ripening season in Asia of late spring to late summer.
8
All parts of the tree exude sticky white latex when injured. The latex contains resins that
may have use in varnishes. The latex also has bacteriolytic value comparable to that of papaya
latex. Additionally, the sticky latex is used for trapping birds (birdlime) and for insect traps. The
heated latex can be used as glue for mending chinaware (a kind of whiteware known for its high
strength and impact resistance and also for low water absorption – all deriving from the high
glass content) and pottery and as caulking for boats and buckets. (Elevitch & Manner, 2006)
Whiteware is any of a board class of ceramic products that are white to off-white in
appearance and frequently contain significant vitreous or glassy component. Whitewares are
often referred to as triaxial bodies, owing to the three mineral types – clay, silica/flint and
feldspar – consistently found in their makeup. Clay is the plastic component, giving shape
abilities to the unfired product and also serving as a glass former during firing. Flint is the
common name used in the industry for all forms of silica serves as a filler, lending strength to the
shaped body before and during firing. Feldspar serves as a fluxing agent, lowering the melting
temperatures of the mixture. These raw materials are mixed with ceramic binders to hold them
together and keep them intact during processing and firing. This is necessary until the whiteware
processing is complete.
A ceramic binder is a processing additive. In ceramic processing, binders are the polymer
molecules and coagulate colloidal particles that are adsorbed and bridges between ceramic
particles to provide inter particle binding action.
9
An adsorbed binder may improve the wetting of the particle. A binder usually increases
the apparent viscocity of the processing. The settling of particles in suspension may be reduced
on adding binders. The flow properties of slurry can be controlled but binder type and
concentration. The most important function of the binder is to improve the as-formed strength of
the product for handling before firing. (Huang 2006)
Table 1 Type of Binders
Colloidal Particle Type
Organic
Inorganic
Microcrystalline Cellulose
Kaolin, Ball Clay
Molecular Type
Organic
Examples
Inorganic
Examples
Polysaccharides
Refined Starch
Soluble Silicates
Sodium Silicate
Polymerized Alcohol
Polyvinyl Alcohol
Organic Silicates
Ethyl Silicate
Polymerized Butyral
Polyvinyl Butyral
Soluble Phosphates
Alkali Phosphate
Acrylic Resins
Polymethyl
Soluble Aluminates
Sodium Aluminate
Methacrylate
Glycols
Polyethylene Glycol
Adding ceramic binder during processing and firing is also necessary to improve the
shrinkage of the material.
10
Shrinkage is the rate at which the body shrinks during drying and firing.(Zamek 2003)
Drying shrinkage refers to reduction in dimension of new concrete, dimensional lumber,
cement plaster, plywood, asphalt paving and other materials which have dried or experienced
significant reduction in moisture content. (Geary 2011)
Firing Shrinkage on the other hand refers to the reduction in dimension during firing.
Modulus of Rupture is the measure of the force necessary to break a given substance
across, as a beam, expressed by eighteen times the load which is required to break a bar of one
inch square, supported flatwise at two points one foot apart, and loaded in the middle between
the points of support. (Rankine 2011)
The feasibility of certain binders can also be tested using the Loss on Ignition (LOI)
test as it was used in a previous study titled “The Feasibility of Marang Peeling as Binder to the
Standard Whiteware Plastic Masses” by David Dwight Alip. (Alip 2007)
Loss on Ignition test is designed to measure the amount of moisture or impurities lost
when the sample is ignited under certain conditions. (Zaidan 2011)
11
Another related study was conducted to determine the plasticity, liquid limit, and the
plastic limit of the plastic masses using water and marang pulp as binder. It was titled
“Evaluation of the Marang Peeling as Binder to the Standard Whiteware Plastic Masses”, and it
used marang pulp (considering its latex content) as the main raw material of the binder used to
form standard whiteware plastic masses instead of commercial/expensive materials. A
comparison was made between marang pulp and water as binder to standard whiteware plastic
masses. Based on the results of the study, the researcher concluded that there was no significant
difference between the plastic limits of the plastic masses with respect to the plastic masses (new
and aged) and the type of binder being used. The plasticity of the plastic masses also has no
significant difference with respect to the plastic masses being used. However, the type of binder
used has a highly significant effect in the plasticity of the plastic masses. Regarding the liquid
limit, results of the study have shown significant difference between the liquid limits using
different binders. (Cabili, 2007)
(To find another alternative binder that can be used as a binder to standard whiteware
plastic masses, the researchers of the present study will use Jackfruit Peeling instead of Marang
Pulp as binder to standard whiteware plastic masses.)
12
Another study titled “Leatherette from Jackfruit Peelings” was conducted with the
purpose of making leatherette utilizing only ripe jackfruit peelings and gelatin. The leatherette
produced showed characteristics similar to that of genuine leather. The said study also sought to
determine the effects of the relative amounts of gelatin to jackfruit peelings on the effectiveness
of the leatherette. The leatherette made was subjected to different tests namely, tests for
pliability, porosity, quality and force applied. Based on the results obtained from the study, it
was concluded that the more gelatin added, the stronger the leatherette. Usage of binders other
than gelatin was also recommended. It was also recommended that the latex present in the
jackfruit can be utilized as a binder. (Padate, 2001)
(The information gathered regarding the effectiveness of Jackfruit Peeling as the raw
material of leatherette on the said paper will be used as a reference by the researchers of the
present study.)
The related literature and the related studies gathered supports the idea of jackfruit peeling
as an effective binder to standard whiteware plastic masses since it was said that it has latex
content. Also considering the sticky nature of latex, using it in effectively binding materials is a
significant study. The raw materials in making standard whiteware plastic masses (clay, flint and
feldspar) will be used in the study. The information about the ceramic binder will serve as a
reference in determining the effectiveness of the jackfruit peeling as binder.
13
The knowledge obtained about the Shrinkage Limit and Modulus of Rupture will be useful
in determining each of them accurately. The Loss on Ignition test will also be useful in
determining the feasibility of Jackfruit pulp as an alternative ceramic binder.
Previous studies have used similar materials like marang pulp in producing binder. Some
studies have already used jackfruit peeling as a binder to different materials such as leatherette
which is mentioned previously. However, the utilization of jackfruit peeling as a ceramic binder
(which is the goal of this present study) is a new study in providing an alternative binder that is
also comparable and similar to the commercial binders or even more effective and efficient.
14
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A.
Research Design
Complete Randomized Design will be used in this study. The experimental subjects are
homogenous since we are only going to use one kind of standard whiteware plastic mass powder.
Each of the experimental subjects will be randomly distributed to each of the two treatments of
the study. The preparation of the binder (jackfruit pulp) will be made at the researchers’ house
and the experimentation of that binder will be conducted at the College of Engineering (COE)
laboratory, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City.
B.
Materials and Equipments
Materials:

Jackfruit peeling (raw material to alternative binder)

Standard Whiteware Plastic Mass Powder

Spatula

Glass Panel

Tap Water

Strainer

Graduated Cylinder
15

Measuring Cups

Containers

Beakers

Rectangular Molder
Equiments:
C.

Blender

Analytical Balance

Weighing Scale
Experimental Set-up
Table 2 Experimental Set-up
Components
Treatment A
Treatment B
(Jackfruit Pulp as Binder)
(Jackfruit Pulp as Binder)
Jackfruit Pulp (g)
700g
700g
Water (mL)
900mL
900mL
Plastic mass (g)
1500g
1500g
16
D.
Experimental Procedure
Preparation of the Jackfruit Pulp as a Binder
Jackfruit peelings which are fresh and new including the spines and ragging will be
utilized. The peelings will be ground using the blender and sooner or later, an amount of water
will be added gradually to form a paste from the jackfruit peeling. To obtain the size of the small
particles, it will be strained and preserved in a plastic bottle. Then it will be stored in the
refrigerator, ready to be used as a binder to the plastic mass.
Preparation of Plastic Mass
A volcano will be formed from the Standard Whiteware Plastic Mass powder. For the
treatment using jackfruit pulp as binder, jackfruit pulp will be gradually added to the volcano
until the mixture hardens (clay-like state). Same will be done using water only as binder.
Treatment A & C will be made earlier than treatment B & D since we are aiming to came up
with an aged plastic mass.
Drying Shrinkage
Dry Shrinkage is the shrinkage due to drying only. It is simply the percent change in
length between wet and dry. As clay dries, the removal of inter-particle water causes the mass to
tighten up and pack together resulting in shrinkage. Variation in dry shrinkage is an indicator of
changes in plasticity.
17
Dry Shrinkage differs from Firing Shrinkage in that the former is based on the initial
length of the test bar and the latter is based on the dry length (Hansen, 2003).
Twenty trials will be made for each of the treatment. The plastic mass will be formed into a
rectangular bar using a rectangular molder. The initial length of the rectangular bar will be
measured (L0), then, the rectangular plastic mass will be subjected to drying by natural means
(sunlight exposure). The length will be measured again (Lf).
Percent of shrinkage will be measured to determine the drying shrinkage. To calculate the
percent of shrinkage, the length after drying will be subtracted from the initial length divided by
the initial length and multiplied by 100 (as shown in the formula below).
Drying shrinkage % =
𝐿0 −𝐿𝑓
𝐿0
x 100
Where
Li is the initial length of the test bar and
Lo is the length of the oven- dry specimen
Firing Shrinkage
Firing Shrinkage is the amount of shrinkage during firing. As a clay fires, it shrinks and
particles continue to pack together. At some point, they begin to break down and react with each
other, fluxes begin to melt and flow, and mineral grains seed the development of more stable
forms.
18
The firing shrinkage is an indication of the degree to which the complex maturing process
has proceeded (Hansen 2003). Twenty trials will be made for each of the treatment. The initial
length of the rectangular bar obtained after the determination of the drying shrinkage will be
measured (F0), then, the rectangular bar will be sintered (fired). The length of the fired
rectangular bar will be measured again (Ff). Percent of shrinkage will be calculated to determine
the firing shrinkage of the rectangular bar. To calculate the percent of shrinkage, the length after
firing will be subtracted from the initial length divided by the initial length and multiplied by 100
(as shown in the formula below).
Firing shrinkage % =
𝐹0 −𝐹𝑓
𝐹0
x 100
Where
Fo is the length of the oven- dry specimen and
Ff is the length of the fired specimen
Modulus of Rupture Determination
The rectangular bar will be placed above two supporting blocks. The length and height of
the rectangular bar will be measured (L and H, respectively). Distance between the supporting
blocks will also be measured (D), then, force will be applied at the center of the rectangular bar
using different weights/loads. The total force applied the time the rectangular bar breaks apart
will be measured (F).
19
F=
Applied
Force
L = Length of the rectangular bar
H = height of
the rectangular
bar
D = distance between the supporting blocks
The Modulus of Rupture (M) will then be calculated by the formula,
M=
3𝐹𝐷
2𝐿𝐻 2
Loss on Ignition Test
To determine the LOI of the rectangular bar, its initial weight will be measured first
(W0). It will then be ignited in a kiln or by natural fire until it ceases to change form. The weight
will be measured again (Wf) and the loss on ignition will be determined by the percent of weight
lost on ignition. The loss on ignition will be calculated numerically by the formula,
% LOI =
𝑊0−𝑊𝑓
𝑊0
x 100
20
Preparation of Test bars
Needed materials were gathered before molding of test bars was started. A small amount
of oil was poured into a clean molder. This was warranted to facilitate the making of the test bar
as it will just slide and will not deform (Alip 2007).
E. Data Gathering (Tables)
Table 3 Jackfruit Pulp as Binder
Parameters
Treatment A
T1
Drying
Shrinkage
Firing
Shrinkage
Modulus of
Rupture
Loss on
Ignition
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
AVE
21
Table 4 Jackfruit Pulp as Binder
Parameters
Treatment A
T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 T20
Drying
Shrinkage
Firing
Shrinkage
Modulus of
Rupture
Loss on
Ignition
AVE
22
Table 5 Water as Binder
Parameters
Treatment B
T1
Drying
Shrinkage
Firing
Shrinkage
Modulus of
Rupture
Loss on
Ignition
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
AVE
23
Table 6 Water as Binder
Parameters
Treatment B
T1
T1
T1
T1
T1
T1
T1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
T18
T1
T2
9
0
AVE
Drying
Shrinkage
Firing
Shrinkage
Modulus of
Rupture
Loss on
Ignition
F.
Statistical Tools for Data Analysis
A statistical tool called ANOVA (used in Variance Analysis) will be used in the study.
The said tool is used in comparing more than two samples instead of using multiple t-tests.
24
G.
Procedure Flow Charts
350 g of Jackfruit
pulp and 450 ml
water.
350 g of Jackfruit
pulp and 450 ml
water.
350 g of Jackfruit
pulp and 450 ml
water.
350 g of Jackfruit
pulp and 450 ml
water.
Ground (Blender)
4800 ml of Binder
(Approximate Result)
Strained (Strainer)
2500 ml jackfruit pulp
(ready for use)
Figure 1.1 Preparation of Jackfruit Pulp as Binder
Formation the Plastic
25 Masses using two
different treatments. (Water and jackfruit
pulp as binders)
Firing and Drying Shrinkage
Determination of plastic masses
acquired from two different treatments.
LOI test to determine the Loss on
Ignition of the Plastic masses acquired
from two different treatments.
Modulus of Rupture Determination of
the plastic masses acquired from two
different treatments.
Analysis of Data Variance using
ANOVA.
(Comparison of Data)
Figure 1.2 Experimental Methodology