Chpt. 5 The Structure and
Function of Macromolecules
macromolecule
ex.
D
NA
ex. PROTEIN
macromolecule
Macromolecules
(large molecules):
Macromolecules
(large molecules):
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
These are all: Polymers (many
parts) constructed of Monomers
(single part)
Connecting Monomers-
Hydrolysis Breaking apart polymer
Adding water molecule
Connecting MonomersDehydration reaction
Hydrolysis Breaking apart polymer
Adding water molecule
Connecting MonomersDehydration reaction
joining monomers w/ covalent bond
loss of water molecule
Hydrolysis Breaking apart polymer
Adding water molecule
Connecting MonomersDehydration reaction
joining monomers w/ covalent bond
loss of water molecule
Hydrolysis Breaking apart polymer
Adding water molecule
Connecting MonomersDehydration reaction
this requires cell to use energy
(reaction occurs b/c of enzymes)
Hydrolysis Breaking apart polymer
Adding water molecule
HydrolysisBreaking
apart polymers
 Breaking apart polymer
Adding water molecule
HydrolysisBreaking
apart polymers
 Breaking apart polymer
Hydrolysis(break
w/ water)
Adding water
molecule
Disassemble & add a water molecule
HydrolysisBreaking
apart polymers
 Breaking apart polymer
Hydrolysis(break
w/ water)
Adding water
molecule
Add a water molecule
HydrolysisBreaking
apart polymers
 Breaking apart polymer
Hydrolysis(break
w/ water)
Adding water
molecule
Add a water molecule
HydrolysisBreaking
apart polymers
 Breaking apart polymer
Hydrolysis(break
w/ water)
Adding water
molecule
Adding water molecule
HydrolysisBreaking
apart polymers
 Breaking apart polymer
Hydrolysis(break
w/ water)
Adding water
molecule
Adding water molecule
Macromolecules
(large molecules):
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates-
CarbohydratesFunction = fuel
Structure = 3 types:
Types:
1) Monosaccharides
Single Sugar molecule
Which functional
groups?
isomers
Types:
1) Monosaccharides
a hydroxyl group is bonded to each carbon,
except one; THAT carbon is double bonded to an
oxygen atom = carbonyl
Which functional
groups?
Monosaccharides -
ALDOSE - C=O-H from end
KETOSE- C=O off middle
Monosaccharides
function = fuel for cell use in
most organisms ex. glucose
Monosaccharides carbs. always multiple of CH2O
ex. C6 H12 O6
FYI: Tend to form rings in aqueous solutions
Monosaccharides
Single Sugar
Fuel for cellular function
BTW: form rings in aqueous
solution
“carbon one” is always
on end near the
carbonyl
Types:
2) Disaccharides
2)Disaccharides
Structure = two sugar monomers
(joined by a glycosidic linkage oxygen cov.bond
formed between 2 carbons (monosacchs.) via. dehydrat.rx.
2) Disaccharides
Types:
3) Polysaccharides
structure = many monomers
Polysaccharides
Functions:
•A) energy storage
starch (plant)
glycogen (animal)
Polysaccharides
Functions:
B) Structural/ support
cellulose
chitin
(chitin) Ncontaining
“appendage”
WHY are starch and cellulose different???
Do you see the
difference?
DIFFERENT STRUCTURE…
DIFFERENT FUNCTION
DIFFERENT STRUCTURE…
DIFFERENT FUNCTION
Macromolecules
(large molecules):
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
LipidsTypes:
Triglyceride (Fats)
Phospholipid
Steriods
Why are these molecules
hydrophobic
???????????????????
Lipids- (hydrophobic)
1) Triglycerie (fats) - functions:
-energy storage
-insulation / cushion
Triglyceride Fats- structure
3 Glycerol (alcohol) +
Fatty acid chain = hydrophobic
•Energy storage
•Cushion
Fats- structure
3 Glycerol (alcohol) + fatty acid
chains
Fatty acid chain = hydrophobic
•Energy storage
•Cushion
Cis
arrangement
unsaturated
saturated fat
Types of Lipids:
2) Phospholipids1 Glycerol (alcohol) +
Types of Lipids: 2) Phospholipids-
1 Glycerol (alcohol) +2 fatty
acid chains +
Types of Lipids: Phospholipids-
1 Glycerol (alcohol) +2 fatty
acid chains + phosphate group
Types of Lipids: Phospholipids-
1 Glycerol (alcohol) +2 fatty
acid chains + phosphate group
Types of Lipids: Phospholipids•Phosphate group = hydrophilic
Fatty acid chain
= hydrophobic
Cell
membrane
Hydrophilic
head
WATER
WATER
Hydrophobic
tails
Types of Lipids: 3) Steroids
C-skeleton = 4 fused rings +
functional group
cholesterol, sex hormones,
sheath of neurons
Macromolecules
(large molecules):
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Amino Acids
H
amino
group
C
carboxyl
R 20 types
ProteinsStructure = one or more
polypeptides- polymer of amino acids
Proteinsone or more polypeptidespolymer of amino acids
Amino Acids
H
amino
group
C
carboxyl
Determined by
various side R 20 types
chains
Amino Acids
Evolutionary Significance
All living things use various
combinations of the SAME
twenty amino acids. A VERY
POWERFUL bit of evidence
for the connection of all
living things!
Amino Acids
H
amino
group
C
Determined by
various side R
chains
carboxyl
20 types
Proteinsfunctions = support, storage,
signaling, transport of
substances,
enzymes.
Proteins- 4 levels of structure
1)
Primary- precise, linear
sequence of amino acids.
amino -O-O-O-O-O- carboxyl
group
group
Sequence of a.a.
determines HOW the
protein works
Form follows function
Nonpolar
Glycine (Gly)
Methionine (Met)
Alanine (Ala)
Valine (Val)
Phenylalanine (Phe)
Leucine (Leu)
Tryptophan (Trp)
Isoleucine (Ile)
Proline (Pro)
Polar
Serine (Ser)
Threonine (Thr)
Cysteine (Cys)
Tyrosine (Tyr)
Asparagine (Asn) Glutamine (Gln)
Acidic
Basic
Electrically
charged
Aspartic acid (Asp) Glutamic acid (Glu)
Lysine (Lys)
Arginine (Arg)
Histidine (His)
Proteins: 4 levels of structure
2) Secondary- folded
portions of chain/H-bonds
-Alpha helix (coil)
-Beta helix (pleated sheet)
Sturdy
Bounces
back
Abdominal glands
of the spider
secrete silk
fibers that form
the web.
The radiating
strands, made
of dry silk fibers,
maintain the
shape of the web.
The spiral strands
(capture strands) are
elastic, stretching in
response to wind,
rain, and the touch
of insects.
Spider silk: a structural protein
Containing b pleated sheets
Proteins- 4 levels of structure
3)
Tertiary-
-3-D
-bonding between side
chains (3 types)
Proteins- 4 levels of structure
4) Quaternary-several polypeptide chains
insulin
Catalase - we
will use this in
our lab!
Red bloodRed
Normal
cells are
blood
cell shape full of individual
cell shape
hemoglobin
molecules, each
carrying oxygen.
Normal cells are
full of individual
hemoglobin
molecules, each
carrying oxygen.
Red blood
Red blood Fibers of abnormal
cell shape
cell shape hemoglobin deform
cell into sickle
shape.
Fibers of abnormal
hemoglobin deform
cell into sickle
shape.
POINT!
Sickle-cell hemoglobin
Normal hemoglobin
Primary
structure
Primary
structure
Secondary
and tertiary
structures
Secondary
and tertiary
structures
b subunit
Quaternary Normal
hemoglobin
structure
(top view)
Function
Molecules do
not associate
with one
another; each
carries oxygen.
Quaternary
structure
Function
Exposed
hydrophobic
region
Sickle-cell
hemoglobin
Molecules
interact with
one another to
crystallize into
a fiber; capacity
to carry oxygen
is greatly reduced.
b subunit
Nucleic AcidsDNA
RNA
Programs ALL cellular function
Nucleic AcidsComposed of: nitrogenous base,
5-Carbon sugar,
phosphate group
= NUCLEOTIDE