6CASTALDO 2014

By: Andrea Tobing
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Fast Facts
Family
Mother: Nefertiti’s mother was Tiy, the Royal Nurse for the pharaoh and his family.
Father: Aye/Ay (there were different spellings) was the
Grand Vizier of Ancient
Egypt.
Sibling: Nefertiti had a sister- Mutbenret. There is, however, a theory that
Mutbenret was identical to the wife of the pharaoh
Horemheb.

The Great Royal Wife
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Remember: Polytheism is the belief in many gods

The Great Royal Wife
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Symbols that Ancient Egyptians used
Symbols represented different things
Created 3500 BCE
Extinct 394 CE

o o
Hieroglyphics was the key to understanding Ancient Egypt
In 1799 , Napoleon’s Army found something called the Rosetta Stone
The Rosetta Stone was an artifact that had 3 languages on it: Greek,
Demotic, and Hieroglyphics
They all said the same message
So if you could read one language, you could read the others
In 1822 , a man named Jean
Francois Champollion decoded
Hieroglyphics
From him, we know a lot about
Ancient Egypt
Fun F a c t s !
There were over 700
Hieroglyphics
Scribes were the people who could write
Hieroglyphics
There was a shorter form of Hieroglyphics, called hieratic
They were also called
“The words of the Gods”

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Some tombs have not been touched for 3000years
Tombs have great leaders in them
Their mummified bodies housed in coffins where preserved in the tombs for 1000s of years
Romans also used tombs just like the Egyptians to bury the dead
Some tombs were raided since these chambers contained expensive belongings from great leaders to be carried to the afterlife
Tombs stopped being built during the Renaissance

By: Julie Sung 6C
Jobs:
• Noblewomen could become priestesses and government officials.
• Rarely there were women that became pharaohs.
• Lower class women could become artisans.
• Peasant women could be nannies for upper class children.
• Peasant women could also be domestic servants to the upper class and personal attendants to a noblewoman.
Daily Life:
• Few women worked full-time.
• Women were expected to be a good daughter when young, and a good mother and wife when older.
• Women were equal to men, but not as powerful.
• Women had more power and freedom than other women in different times.
• Women were in charge of household affairs.
• Noblewomen were highly respected and enjoyed freedom and continuity.

Fast Facts
• Weaving was an important activity for
Egyptian women to participate in.
• Music was an important part of a woman’s religious life.
• Girls USUALLY got married around the age
12.
• Women would get custody of her children if she decided to have a divorce.
• The wife would put 1/3 of the money she made towards her children.
• Women mostly took care of indoor household activity.
• Women could remarry when divorced.
• Woman played harps, lyres, lutes, clapper sticks, hand-held drums, flute-like instruments, and oboe-like instruments.

 Senet (The game of passing) was played when someone died.
 The game was played because it was believed it would help the person successfully go to the afterlife.
 Senet can be seen as a primitive form of chess, since there were 3 rows of 10 squares and figures called spools and cones.
 The exact rules are unknown; we can only take our best guess from hieroglyphics.
 Senet was usually played after a pharaoh’s passing.

 Ancient Egyptian Hockey was played with palm tree branches bent at end.
 The ball was made from papyrus fibers and two pieces of leather.
 A referee was used to keep the game going and to keep score.

 Two players were required to play Tug of Hoop.
 The players had curved staffs that they used to try to take the hoop from one another.
 In order to win this game, it was always crucial that you performed many physical maneuvers.
 The hoop was also forbidden in the game to fall on the floor!

Ancient Egyptians used economy to survive.

By:Keith Mency
• The Three pyramids are located in ancient Egypt
• Today pyramids teach people how ancient Egypt was
• Did you know that there are about 88 pyramids in ancient
Egypt

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• Mummification is the process that dries a corpse that could afford to be mummified
• The process would take 70 days to finish
• Mummification steps:
• Remove all organs
• Dry all organs
• Rinse the body with wine spices
• Cover the body with salt for 40 days (to take out all the moisture)
• Wrap the body with linen
• Wrap the body in bandages from head to toe
• Put the mummy in a sarcophagus (coffin)

• People used to believe if you would get mummified you would use your coffin in the afterlife
• The people would put the organs of the mummy in canopic jars
• There were four canopic jars and each jar had an egyptian god on it, Imesty protected the liver, Qebehsenuf protected the intestines, Hapy protected the lungs, and Duamatef protected the stomach
• All of those gods were the sons of Horus
• The poor egyptians were buried in the sand and the rich were buried in tombs
• But pharaohs were taken into pyramids
• Some great mummy discoveries that people found were:
• Ginger, Hatshepsut, King Tutankham ( King Tut), and Ramses II

Egyptian’s Religion:
The ancient Egyptian religion had guided every aspect of their lives.
It was based on polytheism, which means they worshipped many gods and goddesses. The Egyptians worshipped as many as 2,000 gods and goddesses. Some gods like
Amon-Ra were worshipped throughout Egypt. Their gods and goddesses are represented as part human, part animal. Think of a person with animal wings or with a jackal head. Egyptians created temples so the gods could dwell within them. Temples are found everywhere in Egypt. Also,
Egyptian cities had special temples devoted to their god/goddesses.
Their temples were used by men to communicate with the gods.
Egyptian’s Priests had become more powerful since they communicated with the gods and cared for them. Priests also performed funeral rites and taught at schools. Furthermore, they advised the people on problems as well as supervising the artisans and works.
Egyptians saw death as a transitional stage in route to a better life. If they were able to reach the afterlife, they would start a new life and reach their full potential.
Egyptians’ bodies were mummified after death and buried with everything necessary to reach the afterlife.
This was considered essential to preserve the body.

The Ancient
Egyptian sun god
Ra is represented by life and rebirth.
They had said that once the sun sets, he dies, but gets
“reborn” when it rises again. This widely known god eventually gets
“morphed” with
Amon, the father of gods. The merge made the two gods into one called
Amon-Ra.
Osiris is the god of the dead as well as being the ruler of the underworld.
He is represented as a mummified man wearing white clothing. He is also the god of resurrection and fertility.
Egyptians had believed that he gave them barley which was an important crop.
Horus is Osiris and Isis’s son and also the god of the sky.
He is represented with a head of a hawk and the body of a man. This probably was to represent his control of the sky and the fact that they are most of the time shown with a human part. He is wellknown for being the protector and ruler of Egypt.
Anubis is the god of embalming and the dead. He is represented as a man with a jackal head. Since those are often in the cemeteries, Egyptians believed that he always watched over the dead.
Interesting Fact: Since the Egyptians, like the
Mesopotamians, didn’t know what caused certain things like flooding, they’d blame the gods and tried different ways to make them happy and in return, bless them.
Iris was a protective goddess, and used powerful magical spells to help
Egyptians in need. Isis is also the wife Osiris.
The god of wisdom, learning, writing, and also the patron of scribes is called Thoth. The Egyptians thought that this god was the one who had given them the gift of Hieroglyphics, which is their form of writing.
Sources: Notes on Religion from 3/21/14
WWW2.sptimes.com/Egypt/EgyptCredit.4.
3.html
http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/gods/explor e/main.html
Slides by Matthew D. Snyder
Enjoy

Ancient Egyptians could not explain nature and creation so they used gods and goddesses as their explanation. As polytheists, the Egyptians with several gods and goddesses responsible for different things, such as life and the afterlife.
 Ra was the Sun god, riding a chariot during the day
 Geb , the god of the Earth, caused earthquakes when he laughed.
 Anubis was the original god of the dead and has the head of a jackal
 Later, Osiris became the god of the dead
 Isis was the goddess of magic and the sister of Osiris.
Anubis
Image from: http://ancientegyp tonline.co.uk/imag es/Anubis4.jpg

 Tefnut was Ra’s daughter, the goddess of air
 Shu was a son of Ra, the god of the space between heaven & earth
 Hapi was the god of the Nile River & responsible for annual flooding
 Set was the god of violence, the desert & of storms
 Horus was the sky god, fought Set & lost his left eye
 That left eye is the Egyptian symbol of healing and restoration
 The prescription symbol comes from the eye of Horus
Image of Eye of Horus RX from http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_d3Tzjzhz9V8/TM uQSjxB9LI/AAAAAAAABlY/S56QmiuF44g/s
400/Eye_of_Horus_Prescription.png

Created by: Jason Kim

Battle between Seth and Horus

AND
Back then Egypt wasn’t that peaceful due to fighting over the Nile river for water.
Most Egyptians caused warfare to expand their lands or gain more power.
(List of weapons they used in warfare)
-clubs
-maces
-axe
-knives
-sword
-daggers
-bows and arrows, and javelins
(some weapons Egyptians used)

Their was both the upper and lower Egypt had a Conflict between both
They had different crowns one was red like a bowl and the other was white like a bowling ball pin both lower and upper kingdom had different customs needs and interests
Until one day a man named NARMER MENA joined both Egypt's putting together both hats to show how both Egypt's are equal now
The two crowns were united and turned into this>

The Pharaoh was believed to be a God on earth and had the most power. He was responsible for making laws and keeping order, ensuring that Egypt was not attacked or invaded by enemies and for keeping the Gods happy
The Vizier was the Pharaoh's chief advisor and was sometimes the High Priest. He was responsible for overseeing all official documents to have his seal of approval. He was also responsible for the supply of food, and the Pharaoh's household.

Nobles where wealthy and powerful with lots of land.normally nobles would be born into such large wealth and power but occasionally people traded goods to have surplus of everything so they can sell and have leftovers for themselves.
priests were responsible for keeping the gods happy.they spent there time performing rituals and ceremonies for the god in there temple.

Jewelry- Male and female Egyptians wore jewelry to show their wealth since only the rich were able to afford gold. They also wore gold jewelry to be more attractive to the gods.
Some types of gold jewelry the Egyptians wore are rings, earrings, bracelets, decorated buttons, neck collars and pendants.
Made by: Simone Hodara 6-C
Make Up- both men and women wore make up.
Mostly black and green eye shadow.
Henna dye was used to color their lips, nails, and skin.

Egyptians wore light clothes made from linen (linen is made of flax - a plant)
The richer the people were the nicer material they had
Egyptian men wore - a wrap around a skirt that was tied with a belt.
The length depended on the fashion of the time.
Old Kingdom- Short garment
Middle Kingdom- Calf length garment
New Kingdom- Pleated garment
Egyptian women wore – a full length straight dress with one or two shoulder straps
Children wore - they did not were clothing until the age of six
Made by: Simone Hodara 6-C

W
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 Egyptian medicine was thought to be the most successful at the time.
 Conclusions involved with medicine were thought to be the works of gods , demons , and spirits .
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Doctors thought these spirits blocked ‘ channels
’ in the body, creating diseases and tried to unblock them.
 Doctors knew basic things and gave practical advice, but also gave odd advice that harmed people.
 For example, some prescriptions contained animal waste.
 Others were to avoid raw poultry and fish.

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 Ancient Egyptian doctors never did anything deep inside the body.
 They did it near the surface.
 When reasonable, the surgery did work most of the time.
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Amputees (Cut off)
Prosthesis (Artificial device)
Tools they used:
-Saws
-Knives

T
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 Egyptians used magic/alchemy, herbs, and prayers to treat patients.
 Thought religion would banish all evil demons and spirits causing this.
Used resources such as…
-Honey
Ancient Egyptians used this method to classify each injury…
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Treatable- Dealt with immediately.
Contestable- Observed patient without interfering.
 Untreatable- Doctor will not be involved.
Egyptians also were very hygienic to be healthy and also because of religion.
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Egyptians didn’t take good care of their teeth, so they usually had…
 Wire to connect fallen out teeth.
They also had ‘braces’ for your feet and such to keep it in place if broken or sprained.

E
P
 Is a piece of papyrus including much information in the medical industry from ancient Egypt.
 Over 700 remedies.
 Written in about 1500 B.C.E.
 110 Pages!
Greg Moritz Ebers, a German Egyptologist, discovered the document in Thebes (Luxor), Egypt in 1873-1874.
Is currently in the library of the University of Leipzig in
Germany.
Written in hieroglyphics, for example…
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Six vessels reach the soles of our feet.
Baldness is caused by four vessels to the head
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By: William Shin
Class:6-C
Date: 3/24/2014
 Believed to be a continuation of life after bodily death
 Was considered the greatest honor to live on in death
 Did not enjoy death, but enjoyed life
 If living on in death, it would be normal life without the negativity (No death, sicknesses, etc.)

 Process of weighing one’s heart against the feather of truth /Ma’at on a golden scale
 Process done by God of The Underworld; Osiris, assisted by Inpu, God of Death
 The greatest dishonor; having your heart weigh more than the feather
 Heart devoured by Amenti, if heavier than Ma’at’s feather
 Soul cast into an “abyss of non-existence” if the heart is heavier= worst punishment