1
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Cause:
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Land conflict between England and France
New weapons used throughout the war(Long
bow, cross bow, gun)
Results:
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England gave up claims to land in France
War allowed each monarch to exert more control
over the people and nobles(led to the beginning of
“new monarchs” in both countries.)
2
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Cause:
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Details:
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Territorial conflict between France and
Austria(Primarily over control of Italy)
Francis I of Valois and Charles V of Habsburg
Ottoman Empire also fought against the Habsburgs
in eastern Europe
Results:
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Treaty in 1559 gave both France and Spain some
holdings in Italy
Continued tension between France and Habsburgs
3
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Causes:
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Conflict between French Calvinist(Huguenots) and French
Catholics
Details:
Catholic majority greatly outnumbered the Calvinist minority
 Major violence against Huguenots, massacre in 1572(St.
Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
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Results:
Henry IV takes the throne of France(He was a Calvinist that
converted to Catholicism)~”Paris is worth a mass”
 Edict of Nantes: Allowed Huguenots to freely worship, but
acknowledged that Catholicism was the official religion
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4

Causes
Primary cause was religious conflict between the Catholic
Habsburgs and Protestant princes in the Holy Roman
Empire(Peace of Augsburg by Charles V(1555) had
brought a temporary end to warfare between German
Catholics and Lutherans
 Other countries became involved, either to help the
Protestants or attempt to reduce Habsburg power
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Details
Fought over the course of four different phases
 Edict of Restitution(1629): Prohibited Calvinist worship
and restored all land to the Catholic Church and property
taken by Protestant princes
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5
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Peace of Westphalia ensured that all German
states, including the Calvinist ones, were free
to determine their own religion
France, Sweden, and Brandenburg all gained
land
More than 300 states that made up Holy
Roman Empire were recognized as virtually
independent
Religion and the state became even more
separate
6
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Causes
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Details
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Conflict between Charles I and the Parliament
English monarchs and Parliament had been battling
for power
Charles I was beheaded(1649), but Oliver Cromwell
seize control of the government
Results
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The power of the monarch had been greatly reduced
in England
7
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Causes
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Details
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Charles II, king of Spain, left his throne to the
grandson of Louis XIV
A coalition of England, the United Provinces,
Austria, and German states opposed Spain and
France
Results
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Peace of Utrecht confirmed Philip V as the king of
Spain and affirmed that Spain and France would
remain separate
8
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Causes
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Details
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Peter the Great wanted to gain a warm water port
for Russia
War between Poland, Denmark, and Russia vs.
Sweden
At the beginning Sweden held back the three powers
but was eventually overpowered by Russia
Results
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Russia acquired Estonia, Livonia, and Karelia and
Sweden became a second-rate power
9
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Causes
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Details
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Charles VI did not have a male heir, so passed the
Pragmatic Sanction(which was supposed to make
Austrian lands indivisible and recognize his daughter
Maria Theresa as leader of Austria)
Prussia and France attacked Austria and England came
to the defense of Austria
Fighting spread all over the world
Results
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Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle returned all lands to their
original owners, except Silesia which Prussia refused to
give back
10
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Causes
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Details
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France, Austria, Russia vs. Prussia and England
This war saw a diplomatic revolution, in that alliance times
enemies and alliances changed greatly
This war saw conflict in the Americas, India, and Europe
Results
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Treaty of Paris ended the war and greatly reduced French
power
This war led to the American revolution and indirectly to the
French Revolution
11
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Causes
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Napoleon was longing to expand the French Empire in
Europe
Details
Napoleon controlled most of Europe, either directly or
indirectly
 Coalition of Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain
formed to defeat Napoleon
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Results
Monarchy was restored in France and the European countries
attempted to maintain a balance of power
 Austria, Prussia, and Russia formed the Holy Alliance and
attempted to reduce the spread of liberalism
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12
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Causes
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Details
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War between Russia and the Ottoman Empire over religious
rights in Palestine and land in Eastern Europe
France and Great Britain supported the Ottoman Empire
because they feared Russia’s territorial ambitions
Results
Russian was defeated and withdrew from European affairs
and attempted to modernize
 This war also destroyed the Concert of Europe, where the
big powers had agreed to negotiate rather than use war
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13
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Causes
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Details
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Prussia was looking to gain land and bring unification to
Germany
Prussia defeat Denmark, Austria, and France in a series of
three separate wars
Results
Germany becomes unified under a Parliamentary
monarchy led by William I of Prussia
 Tensions of this war led to much bitterness and
resentment between Germany and France
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14
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Cause:
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Details:
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Japan invaded Russia looking to gain more land
It was clear that Russia simply it did not have the same
level of technology as Japan
Results:
Russia gave up a large amount of land and realized that
they still had a large amount of industrialization to do
 The people of Russia revolted in 1905, but did not
actually gain much
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15