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2013年12月新题型
大学英语四级考试
翻译题型
新改革后翻译题型:段落翻译(汉译英)
测试学生把汉语所承载的信息用英语表达出
来的能力。
分值比例:15%
考试时间:30分钟。
内容:中国历史、文化、经济、社会发展
长度:140-160个汉字;
大学英语四级考试新题型评分标准
档次
评 分 标 准
13-15分 译文准确表达了原文的意思。用词贴切,行文流畅
,基本上无语言错误,仅有个别小错。
10-12分 译文基本上表达了原文的意思。文字通顺、连贯,
无重大语言错误。
7-9分
4-6分
译文勉强表达了原文的意思。用词欠准确,语言错
误相当多,其中有些是严重语言错误。
译文仅表达了一小部分原文的意思。用词不准确,
有相当多的严重语言错误。
1-3分
译文支离破碎。除个别词语或句子,绝大部分文字
没有表达原文意思。
0分
未作答,或只有几个孤立的词,或译文与原文毫不
相关。
样卷
Part IV Translation (30 minutes)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed
30 minutes to translate a passage from
Chinese into English. You should write your
answer on Answer Sheet 2.
样题
剪纸(paper cutting)是中国最为流
行的传统民间艺术形式之一。中国剪纸有
一千五百多年的历史,在明朝和清朝时期
(the Ming and Qing Dynasties)特别
流行。人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。特别
是在春节和婚庆期间,剪纸被用来装饰门
窗和房间,以增加喜庆的气氛。剪纸最常
用的颜色是红色,象征健康和兴旺。中国
剪纸在世界各地很受欢迎,经常被用作馈
赠外国友人的礼物。
注意:此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
答案
Paper cutting is one of China’s most popular
traditional folk arts. Chinese paper cutting has a
history of more than 1,500 years. It was
widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing
Dynasties. People often beautify their homes with
paper cuttings. During the Spring Festival and
wedding celebrations, in particular, paper cuttings
are used to decorate doors, windows and rooms in
order to enhance the joyous atmosphere. The
color most frequently used in paper cutting is red,
which symbolizes health and prosperity. Chinese
paper cutting is very popular around the world and
it is often given as a present to foreign friends.
汉译英解题方法
1. 阅读原文,理解原文,获得总体印象。
2. 处理原文句子,正确断句,合句,找准主语。
理解原文中的语言现象和逻辑关系,注意汉英两种
语言的不同表达习惯,综合翻译技巧进行翻译。
3.修改,对译文修正、加工、润饰。第一步:对照
原文一句一句修改,看原文内容、思想是否准确表
达出来;有无漏译、错译、曲解的地方;译文语言
是否通顺。 第二步:脱离原文, 反复阅读后进行
修改。看上下文有无不连接的地方,前后有无矛盾
、重复的地方,有无逻辑不通的地方。
汉语 VS 英语 不同表达习惯
一、英语重结构,汉语重语义
二、英语多长句,汉语多短句
三、英语多从句,汉语多分句
四、主语,宾语等名词成分“英语多代词,汉语多名词”
五、英语多被动,汉语多主动
六、英语多变化,汉语多重复
七、英语多抽象,汉语多具体
八、英语多引申,汉语多推理
英汉结构差异
连接方式:
• 汉语隐形,即连接词很少出现或不出现,这体现为
意合(parataxis);
• 英语显性,即连接词出现,体现为形合(hypotaxis)
组句方式:
• 汉语:动词多,短句多,常按时间顺序或前因后果
的逻辑关系排列,呈链状;
• 英语:常按句内主次从属关系排列,在句子主体上
添加修饰语以及限定语,形成严谨的树状结构。
结构差异带来的启示
1. 正确判断句子之间的关系,补充连接手段,实
现显性连接。
e.g. ……在这一年半中,她抄写、背写英语单词
的纸,累起来可达桌子高。……
思路:SVO=纸+达到+桌子高。
问题:累起来怎么处理?
In that year and a half, the paper on which she had
copied English words or written them down from
memory, if stacked up, could reach the table from
the floor.
结构差异带来的启示
2. 掌握内在联系正确断句
我们的班主任姓王,五十开外,方脸,一
脸的胡子。
Mr. Wang, the head teacher responsible for
our class, was over fifty. He had a squareshaped face with a full beard.
结构差异带来的启示
3. 正确安排句子基本框架,主次清楚,符合原意
。
原文:大家都记得1979年秋天,当这个总共只念
过八年书、连英文字母也认不全,而且已有三个孩
子的女工,竟然报名上电大英语班时,招来了多少
惊讶的目光。
They remember how many astonished looks were cast
at her in the autumn of 1979, when this woman
worker with only 8 year’s schooling, little
acquaintance with the English alphabet and three
children to look after, actually enrolled in the English
class offered by the local TV university.
汉译英的
基本技巧
一、翻译的基本方法: 直译 &
意译
直译:保持原文内容、又保持原文形式,基本保留原有
句子结构,不是死译。
意译:只保持原文内容、不保持原文形式,更多考虑英
语的特点。
如: 我们的朋友遍天下。
Our friends are all over the world. (直译)
We have friends all over the world.(意译)
直译与意译相互关联,互为补充,两种译法可以并用
二、 汉译英的基本技巧
1. 增词
为了充分传达原文含义,必须增补词语,以求达意.
北京是中国的政治、文化中心。这里你可以游览万
里长城、故宫、颐和园等。
Beijing is a political and cultural center
that offers some scenic attractions: the
Great Wall, the Forbidden City, the
Summer Palace etc.
Practice Please.
1. 我不觉得用英语与外国人交谈有什么困难。
I don’t think it difficult to speak to a
foreigner in English.
2. 虚心使人进步,骄傲使人落后。
Modesty helps one to go forward,
whereas conceit makes on lag behind.
2. 减词:
汉语喜欢重复,英语崇尚简洁。汉语的重复作为一种
修辞手段有两种作用。一是为了强调,重复表达一个
意思,或增添修饰语,加强语气。二是为了便于词语
搭配,或平衡节奏,增加可读性。这些在汉语里习以
为常的重复词语或句式,到了英语里要么不合逻辑,
要么累赘冗长。所以翻译时都要有所删减省略。
这是革命的春天,这是人民的春天,这是科学的春天!让
我们张开双臂,热烈拥抱这个春天吧!
Let us stretch out our arms to embrace
the spring, which is one of the revolution,
of the people, and of science.
Practice Please.
省名词
见到自己的故乡,他想起了童年的情景。
情景
The sight of his native place called back his
childhood.
(省动词)
没有出现
他连续讲了两小时的法语,没有出现任何错误。
He has been speaking in French for two
hours without any mistakes.
长嗟短叹 -- sighing deeply
发号施令-- issue orders
土崩瓦解-- fall apart
两面三刀-- two-faced tactics
3. 词类转换
词类变形和转换,是英语语言的一个很重要的特
点,尤其是名词、动词、形容词这三种最主要的
词类。
eg. 他的演讲给我们的印象很深。
His speech impressed us deeply.(名词变动词)
eg. 你说他傻不傻?
Don’t you think he is an idiot? (形容词变
名词)
4. 语态转换
在英汉两种语言当中都有主动和被动两种语态。在英语中
被动语态的使用频率要远远高于汉语。如果一味按照汉语
原句的语态来翻译,会使译文显得十分别扭。
这个小男孩在放学回家的路上受了伤 。
The little boy was hurt on his way home
from school.
门锁好了。
The door has been locked up.
新教材在印刷中。
New textbooks are being printed.
5. 分译 & 合译
分译: 需要分译的句子多数是长句,或者是结构复杂的复句。这种句
子如果译成一个长句,就会使译文冗长、累赘、意思表达不清楚,也不
符合英文习惯。如果采用分译,则会使译文简洁、易懂、层次分明。 (
按内容层次分译)
少年是一去不复返的,等到精力衰竭时,要做学问也来不及了。
Youth will soon be gone, never to return. And it will
be too late for you to go into scholarship when in your
declining years. (按内容层次分译)
她隔窗望去,突然发现有只小船停泊在河边,船里有位船夫睡得正香。
Looking through the window, she suddenly spotted a
boat moored to the bank. In it there was a boatman
(从主语变换处分译)
fast asleep.
合译:
相较于汉语而言,英语长句多,因此在翻译中,要把汉语的
两个或多个句子合译为英语的一句,使译文紧凑、简练。
对我来说,我的水族箱就像我自己的一个小王国。我就是里
面的国王。
To me my aquarium is like my own little
kingdom where I am king. 从主语变换处合译
第二天,我又接到一个电报。这个电报有34个字,比前一个
电报说得更详细。
The following day I received another telegram
consisting of 34 ciphers, giving more details.
按内容连贯合译
6. 正、反表达翻译
I.汉语从反面表达,译文从正面表达
他提出的论据相当不充实。
The argument he put forward is pretty thin.
他七十岁了,可是并不显老。
He was 70, but he carried his years lightly.
II.汉语从正面表达,译文从反面表达
她来得正是时候。
She couldn’t have come at a better time.
对于汉译英,你越细心越好。
You can never be too careful about ChineseEnglish translation.
7.变序
从译文的行文上考虑,有时需要对原文的词序作
一番调整,以适应英文的修辞习惯,或者为了避
免因结构而产生的歧义。
例:到西安你可以买兵马俑、唐三彩。
Unique local creations are available in
Xi’an, such as the three colored
glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty
and terra-cotta figures.
(“兵马俑”和“唐三彩”在译文中变换了位置,
是为了避免”of the Tang Dynasty”在结构
上产生歧义。)
练习 1
中国将进一步发展经济、扩大开放,这对
海外企业(enterprises)意味着更多的商
机。改革开放以来, 中国企业与海外企业
一直积极开展经济技术合作,并取得了巨
大成就。海外企业不仅帮助了中国企业的
成长,而且也在合作中获得了收益。中国
政府将继续提供有利的政策和条件,推动
中国企业与国外企业进一步开展合作。
key 1
China will develop its economy further and open
itself wider to the outside world, which offers
more business opportunities to overseas
enterprises. Since China’s reform and opening up,
Chinese enterprises have been cooperating with
overseas enterprises in terms of economy and
technology, and have scored great achievement.
Overseas enterprises have not only helped
Chinese enterprises with their growth, but also
benefited from the cooperation. Chinese
government will continue to offer favorable
policies and conditions to promote the further
cooperation between Chinese and overseas
enterprises.
练习 2
狮舞(Lion Dance)是中国最广为流传的民间舞
蹈之一。狮为百兽之首,在中国传统中,狮子被
视为是能带来好运的吉祥物(mascot)。古人将
狮子视作是勇敢和力量的化身,能驱赶邪恶、保
护人类。据记载,狮舞已拥有了2,000多年的历
史。在唐代(the Tang Dynasty),狮舞就已
经被引入了皇室。因此,舞狮成为元宵节(the
Lantern Festival)和其他节日的习俗,人们以
此来祈祷好运、平安和幸福。
Key 2
The Lion Dance is one of the most widespread folk
dances in China. The lion is the king of animals. In
Chinese tradition, the lion is regarded as a mascot,
which can bring good luck. Ancient people
regarded the lion as a symbol of braveness and
strength, which could drive away evil and protect
humans. The dance has a recorded history of more
than 2,000 years. During the Tang Dynasty, the Lion
Dance was already introduced into the royal family
of the dynasty. Therefore, performing the lion dance
at the Lantern Festival and other festive occasions
became a custom where people could pray for good
luck, safety and happiness.
练习 3
假日经济的现象表明:中国消费者的消费
观正在发生巨大变化。根据统计数据,中
国消费者的消费需求正在从基本生活必需
品转向对休闲、舒适和个人发展的需求。
同时,中国人的消费观在蓬勃发展的假日
经济中正变得成熟。因此产品结构应做相
应调整,来适应社会的发展。另一方面,
服务质量要改善,以满足人们提高生活质
量的要求。
Key 3
The phenomenon of holiday economy shows
that Chinese people’s consumption concept is
undertaking great changes. According to
statistics, the demands of Chinese consumers
are shifting from the basic necessities of life to
leisure, comfort and personal development.
Therefore, the structure of products should be
adjusted accordingly to adapt to social
development. On the other hand, services
should be improved to satisfy people’s
demand for an improved quality of life.
练习 4
端午节,又叫龙舟节,是为了纪念爱国诗
人屈原。屈原是一位忠诚和受人敬仰的大
臣(minister),他给国家带来了和平和繁
荣。但最后因为受到诽谤(vilify)而最终
投河自尽。人们撑船到他自尽的地方,抛
下粽子,希望鱼儿吃粽子,不要吃屈原的
身躯。几千年来,端午节的特色在于吃粽
子(glutinous dumplings)和赛龙舟,
尤其是在一些河湖密布的南方省份。
Key 4
The Duanwu Festival, also called the Dragon Boat
Festival, is to commemorate the patriotic poet Qu
Yuan. Qu Yuan was a loyal and highly esteemed
minister, who brought peace and prosperity to
the state but ended up drowning himself in a
river as a result of being vilified. People got to
the spot by boat and cast glutinous dumplings
into the water, hoping that the fishes ate the
dumplings instead of Qu Yuan’s body. For
thousands of years, the festival has been marked
by glutinous dumplings and dragon boat races,
especially in the southern provinces where there
are many rivers and lakes.
练习 5
2013年6月20日在中国各地,剧估计60万儿童和他
们的老师观看了有宇航员(astronaut)王亚平在距
离地球300公里的上空所讲授的科学课。王亚平与两
个同事乘坐天宫一号实验舱(the Tiangon-1
laboratory module) 执行为期两周的任务。她在
课上进行了一系列太空的物理演示。在有些演示中
还对比了在地球上重力(one-gravity)环境下同样
的实验。这堂物理课不仅让孩子们享受了一堂知识
与乐趣兼具的物理课,也显示了我国通信科技的前
进。
Key 5
On June 20, 2013, an estimated 600 thousand
school children and their teachers across China
watched a science lesson taught from 300km
above the Earth by astronaut Wang Yaping. Wang
is aboard the Tiangong-1 laboratory module with
two crewmates, for a two-week mission. Her
lessons were a series of physics demonstrations in
the space. In some demonstrations, she
compared with the same experiment under the
one-gravity environment on Earth. The lesson has
not only offered children a physics lesson with
knowledge and interest, but also shows the
advance in communication technology of China.
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