UNIT: NATIONALISM TRIUMPHS IN EUROPE:
WHAT EFFECTS DID NATIONALISM AND THE
DEMAND FOR REFORM HAVE IN EUROPE?
AIM: HOW DID OTTO VON BISMARCK, THE
CHANCELLOR OF PRUSSIA, LEAD THE DRIVE
FOR GERMAN UNITY?
D O N O W : S T U DY YO U R E S S AY S A N D I N T E R I M A S S E S S M E N T
#2.
O N I N D E X C A R D : W H AT A R E YO U R S T R E N GT H S ? W H AT A R E
YO U R W E A K N E S S E S ? W H AT I S O N E T H I N G I D O T H AT YO U
W A N T M E T O C O N T I N U E D O I N G ? W H AT I S O N E T H I N G T H AT I
CAN CHANGE/HELP YOU BY DOING?
BACKGROUND
1848 = university students passionately demanded national unity and liberal
reforms, peasants and workers joined
German States (Frankfurt Assembly) = delegates create a constitution, debate
on whether Germany should be a republic or monarchy
 offered Prussia’s Frederick William IV the crown of a united Germany
He rejects the offer because it did not come from princes but from the
people.
STEPS TOWARD UNITY
-German speaking people lived in German states, Prussia and the
Austrian Hapsburg Empire
BISMARCK AND GERMAN UNITY
A. Otto von Bismarck
B. Strengthening the
Army
C. Wars with Denmark
and Austria
D. Franco-Prussian War
THE GERMAN EMPIRE
Second Reich! – they
believed they were
the heir to the Holy
Roman Empire
AIM: HOW DID GERMANY INCREASE
ITS POWER AFTER UNIFYING IN 1871?
DO NOW: HOW DID GERMANY BECOME
UNIFIED?
“BLOOD AND IRON”
-Blood  sacrifices made to unify
-Iron  the need to industrialize
-Germany becomes an industrial
giant!
THE IRON CHANCELLOR
1. Campaign against
the Church
2. Campaign against
the Socialists
KAISER WILLIAM II
-new emperor of Germany
-believes strongly in divine rule
-asks Bismarck to step down
-government provides ‘social
welfare’ programs to people
-Germany focuses on becoming a
‘military machine’
AIM: HOW DID INFLUENTIAL LEADERS HELP
TO CREATE A UNIFIED ITALY?
D O N O W : S U M M A R I Z E T H E U N I F I C AT I O N O F
G E R M A N Y.
ITALIAN UNIFICATION
Story of three men
 Giuseppe Mazzini—publicist “The Heart”
 Camillo Cavour—stateman “The Head”
 Giuseppe Garibaldi—soldier “The Sword”
-Until 1850 Italy was dominated by outsiders
-Austrian Empire and Pope led opposition
-Many different visions of a united Italy
-Many were apathetic to idea
NATIONALISM
Movement spread by a secret society—Carbonari (coalburners)
Influenced by French Revolution
Led revolts in 1820 and 1831
Giuseppe Mazzini—prophet of Italian Nationalism
Formed new group called Young Italy
Campaigns for national Italian dialect
Unification comes by military and diplomatic means
Primarily under the leadership of the one state in Italy
under Italian control, the Kingdom of
Sardinia/Piedmont
COUNT CAMILLO CAVOUR
-Prime Minister of Kingdom of Sardinia under King Victor
Emmanuel
-Build Sardinia into modern economically sound state
-Clear objectives for Sardinia- Politics of reality
 Northern Italy under Sardinia’s control
 Not interested in Southern Italy
 Too different-poor and agrarian
 Establish kingdom as a serious European power
 Fights in Crimean war
 Negotiates French support in war with Austria
CREATION OF A UNIFIED
NORTHERN ITALY
-Prompted by Piedmont’s victory over Austria, several
Italian revolt.
-Tuscany, Modena, Parma and Romagna revolt and vote to
join Piedmont.
-By 1869, Italy consists of three region, a northern Italian
Kingdom, the Papal States and the Kingdom of Two
Sicilies
GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI
Leader of a guerilla movement
Expedition of the Thousand (Red Shirts)
Venture south into Sicily to bring about revolution
Quickly overthrow the corrupt government of the Two
Sicilies
Cavour now invades the south and “takes” (or is it
“unites”?) the prize from Garibaldi.
UNIFICATION
-By 1861, all of Italy except Rome and Venetia are united.
-Leadership under King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia
Venetia will be added in 1866
-Rome seized in 1870.
PROBLEMS AFTER UNIFICATION
Italy—poor w/ large illiterate population
Division between church and state
Economic divisions between the North and South
Localism too strong in many areas
Development of local strongmen
Little knowledge of and participation in gov’t
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS?
-Industry and trade were fostered by gov’t — transformismo
-Improved agricultural methods developed
-Gov’t encouraged emigration to US—ease over-population due
to high birthrate
-High taxes paid to support growing Army and Navy
AIM: HOW DID DESIRE FOR NATIONAL
INDEPENDENCE AMONG ETHNIC GROUPS WEAKEN
AND ULTIMATELY DESTROY THE AUSTRIAN AND
OTTOMAN EMPIRES?
D O N O W : S U M M A R I Z E U N I F I C AT I O N I N B O T H
G E R M A N Y A N D I TA LY B Y C O M PA R I N G W H E T H E R
N AT I O N A L I S M H A D A P O S I T I V E O R N E G AT I V E
E F F E C T R E S P E C T I V E LY O N I TA LY A N D G E R M A N Y
AND WHY?
AUSTRIAN EMPIRE



Holy Roman Empire  shifts to Central Europe: Austria
Emperor Francis-Joseph tried to solve problems, they were too
great for one ruler
Problems faced by the empire included:
– The great number of national minorities which were living
in the empire
– Over-extension of the empire into areas, such as Italy
– Failure to compete with the growing power of Prussia.
– Absolutist, dynastic and agrarian VS. liberal, nationalistic
and industrial
Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary


Defeat by Prussia and losses in Italy cause Austria to decline in
influence and power
1867: Ferenc Deak
» Austria and Hungary under one monarch
» Hungarians recognized the emperor and accepted
common policies for finances & foreign policy.
» Hungary given control of its own affairs and control over
its own minorities, make its own laws
» Hungarians (Magyars) dominant over other nationalities in
region does not give autonomy to other minorities
*Austria faced many revolts between 1860 & 1914
OTTOMAN EMPIRE - STRETCHED FROM EASTERN EUROPE TO THE
BALKANS, TO NORTH AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST
A. Balkan Nationalism Erupts – Serbia wins autonomy in 1830,
southern Greece in 1830s. (1800s full of revolts for
independence)
B. European powers divide up Ottoman Empire – “sick man of
Europe”. Quadruple Alliance break it apart.
C. War in the Balkans
Russia v. Ottomans (Crimean War)
Joined by Britain and France
Germany Encourages them,
supported by Austria-Hungary
EXIT SLIP
Write a THESIS STATEMENT (single
conclusive sentence):
Do you believe the Hapsburgs or the Ottoman
Turks could have built a modern, unified
nation from their multinational empires?
AIM: WHY DID INDUSTRIALIZATION AND
REFORM COME MORE SLOWLY TO RUSSIA
THAN TO WESTERN EUROPE?
D O N O W : T H E S I S S T AT E M E N T
REVIEW FROM LAST CLASS
CONDITIONS IN RUSSIA
1815: Russian colossus (giant)
-immense natural resources
-global influence due to size
-Europeans disliked Russia:
-autocratic government
-feared its expansion
-Russia remained:
-economically undeveloped
-rigid social structure
-rulers with absolute power
EMANCIPATION AND STIRRINGS OF REVOLUTION
-Alexander II – 1855 – Crimean War
Russia’s defeated by Ottomans: show’s backwardness (TIME FOR
CHANGE)
-1861: issues emancipation of serfs  freedom brings problems BUT was a
turning point (boosted the drive for further reform)
-Other Reforms: set up local governments (zemstvos), trial by jury, eased
censorship, military terms reduced, brutal discipline limited
-Radicals (socialists) demand more reform  assassinate Alexander II
-Alexander III responds to father’s assassination by reviving harsh methods
of tsars, persecuted Jewish population ex: encouraged pogroms
THE DRIVE TO INDUSTRIALIZE
Finally industrializes under Alexander III & Nicholas II by late 1890s:
-encouraged building of railroads
-secured foreign capital
-political and social problems increased
-Socialists waited at factory gates & handed out ideas of Karl
Marx
TURNING POINT: CRISIS AND REVOLUTION
REVOLUTION OF 1905
Causes:
Effects:
-low spirits after defeat in 1904
Russo-Japanese War
-the “October Manifesto” – Czar Nicholas II
announces reforms and new freedoms
-poverty and bad working
conditions
-Nicholas II sets up the Duma, which must
approve all laws
-corrupt government
-Nicholas II dissoved the first Duma when its
leaders criticize the government
-“Bloody Sunday”
-Arrests, pogroms, and executions followed
*By 1914, Russia was still an autocracy, but one simmering with unrest
EXIT SLIP
On Index Card:
How did Nationalism contribute to the start of
WWI? (Thesis Statement – SINGLE
SENTENCE)