Chapter 8
Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the
West, 1789-1900
II. Europe Faces Revolutions
1
A. Clash of Philosophies
1. Conservative:
a)usually wealthy property owners
& nobility
b)argued for protecting the
traditional monarchies of Europe
2
2. Liberal:
a) mostly middle-class business
leaders & merchants
b) wanted to give more power to
elected parliaments
c) only the educated & the
landowners would vote
3
3. Radical
a) favored drastic change to extend
democracy to all people
b) believed that governments should
practice ideals of the French
Revolution— liberty, equality, &
brotherhood.
4
B. Nationalism Develops
1. Nationalism
a) the belief that greatest loyalty
should be to a nation of people who
share a common culture & history
5
b) Nationalism was a force that:
1) tore apart centuries-old empires
2) gave rise to the nation-state
3) was opposed by conservatives
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7
2. Nation-state
a)defends the nation’s territory &
way of life
b)Europe 1815, France, England, &
Spain could be called nation-states
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C. Nationalists Challenge
Conservative Power
10
1. Greeks Gain Independence
a)cause was popular with people
around the world.
1) Russians felt a connection to
Greek Orthodox Christians, who
were ruled by the Muslim
Ottomans
11
2) Educated Europeans &
Americans loved & respected
ancient Greek culture
12
b) The powerful nations of Europe
took the side of the Greeks
1) 1827, a combined British, French,
& Russian fleet destroyed the
Ottoman fleet
2) the Battle of Navarino
13
3) 1830, Britain, France, & Russia
signed a treaty guaranteeing an
independent kingdom of Greece
14
2. 1830s Uprisings Crushed
a) Poles living under the rule of
Russia staged a revolt in Warsaw
late in 1830.
b) Russian armies took nearly a year
to crush the Polish uprising.
15
3. 1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite
a) ethnic uprisings erupted
throughout Europe
b) revolutionaries failed to unite
themselves or their nations
c) Results of these up risings was the
resignation of Metternich
(Austria)
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17
D. Radicals Change France
1. Demand for democratic government
the main goal of revolution
a)King Charles X was forced to flee to
Great Britain
b)replaced by Louis-Philippe,
1) had long supported liberal reforms
18
c) The Third Republic
(1) Once again, a Paris mob overturned
a monarchy & established a republic
19
(a) new republican government
began to fall apart almost
immediately
(1) The radicals split into factions
(2) a moderate constitution was
drawn up in 1848
20
(a) called for a parliament
(b) a strong president to be elected
by the people.
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2. France Accepts a Strong Ruler
a) Louis-Napoleon, nephew of Napoleon
Bonaparte, won the presidential
election December 1848
1) Four years later took the title of
Emperor Napoleon III
2) A majority of French voters accepted
this action without complaint
3) French were weary of instability
22
b) Louis-Napoleon’s policies
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
built railroads
encouraged industrialization
promoted public works
unemployment decreased
the country experienced real
prosperity
23
E. Reform in Russia
1. 1800s had not industrialized
a) feudal system
1) serfs were bound to the land of the
nobles
2) Nobles enjoyed almost unlimited
power over them
24
b) 1820s, many Russians believed
that serfdom must end
1) the system was morally wrong
2) prevented the empire from
advancing economically
3) Czars didn’t free the serfs
(a) would anger the landowners
(b) needed support to stay in power
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2. Defeat Brings Change
a)1853, Czar Nicholas I wanted to
take over part of the Ottoman
Empire in the Crimean War
1) industries & transportation
system failed to provide adequate
supplies for the troops
26
2) 1856, Russia lost the war against
the combined forces of France,
Great Britain, Sardinia, & the
Ottoman Empire
27
3. Reform and Reaction
a)Alexander II’s reform
1)decree freeing the serfs in 1861
2)Peasant communities— rather
than individual peasants—received
about half the farmland in the
country
3)Nobles kept the other half
4)government paid nobles for their
land
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b) terrorists assassinated Alexander
II, 1881
1) Political & social reforms stopped
c) Alexander III tightened control
1)encouraged industrial
development
29
d) nationalism was force behind
Russia’s drive toward industrial
expansion
30
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2
HOME
Revolutions
Disrupt Europe
Section
2
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts.
List the major uprisings that challenged the old order
of Europe in 1821, in 1830, and in 1848.
1821
• Greece rebels against
Ottoman Turks.
1830
Revolts against
the Old Order
1848
• Belgians declare
independence from the Dutch.
• Italians try to unite.
• Poles rebel against Russia.
• French throw out Charles X.
• Hungarians call for self-government
• French demand democratic government.
• Liberals revolt in the German states.
• Czechs demand independence
for Bohemia.
33
continued . . .
III. Nationalism
34
I. Nationalism: A Force for Unity
A. Two Views of Nationalism
1. Nationalists use their common
bond to build nation-states
2. Rulers use nationalism to unify
their subjects
35
3. Three different types of
nationalist movements:
a) unification merges culturally
similar lands
b) separation splits off culturally
distinct groups
c) state-building binds separate
cultures into one
36
II. Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires
A. The Breakup of the Austrian
Empire
1. includes people from many
ethnic groups
2. 1866 defeat forces emperor to
split empire into Austria &
Hungary
a) still ruled by emperor
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38
B. The Russian Empire Crumbles
1. After 370 years, Russian Czars
begin losing control over empire
2. Russification –
a) forcing other peoples to adopt
Russian culture
b) policy further disunited
Russia, strengthens ethnic
nationalism
39
C. The Ottoman Empire Weakens
1. Internal tensions among ethnic
groups weakens empire
2. Rulers grant citizenship to all
groups, outraging Turks
40
III. Case Study: Italy
A. Cavor Unites Italy
1. Italy forms territory from
crumbling empires
2. 1815-1848 Italians want
independence from foreign rulers
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B. Cavour Leads Italian Unification
1. Camillo di Cavour
a) prime minister of kingdom of
Sardinia in 1852
2. Gets French help to win control of
Austrian-controlled Italian land
43
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C. Garibaldi Brings Unity
1. Giuseppe Garibaldi
a) leads nationalists who conquer
southern Italy
(1) Red Shirts
45
46
2. Cavour convinces Garibaldi to
unite southern Italy and Sardinia
3. Garibaldi steps aside, allowing
king of Sardinia to rule
4. Control of Venetia, Papal States
finally unites Italy
47
5. 1861, Victor
Emmanuel II
was crowned King of Italy
6. A Consitiutional
Monarchy is formed
48
49
50
3
The Struggle for Italy
CAVOUR
Prime minister who believed
in Realpolitik.
Wanted to end Austrian
power in Italy and annex its
provinces of Lombardy and
Venetia.
Led Sardinia to provoke a
war with Austria. With help
from France, Sardinia
defeated Austria and
annexed Lombardy.
GARIBALDI
Long-time nationalist
leader who wanted to
create an Italian republic.
Captured Sicily and
Naples and turned them
over to Victor Emmanuel.
Shortly afterward, Victor
Emmanuel II was crowned
king of Italy.
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IV. Case Study: Germany
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A. Bismarck Unites Germany
1. 1815, 39
German states
form the
German
Confederation
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B. Prussia Leads German Unification
1. Prussia has advantages that help it
unify Germany
a) mainly German population
b) powerful army
c) creation of liberal constitution
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C. Bismarck Takes Control
1. Junkers –
a) conservative wealthy landowners
b) support Prussian Wilhelm I
56
2. Otto von Bismarck becomes prime minister
a) Junker realpolitik master
(1) power politics without room for idealism
(2) Based on the needs of the state
(3) It is the destiny of the weak to be devoured
by the strong.
(4) Military force should be used to achieve
political gain.
(5) Manufacturing political "incidents" is
acceptable if it achieves a worthy goal
b) Bismarck defies Prussian parliament
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D. Prussia Expands
1. Prussia & Austria fight Denmark,
gain two provinces
2. Quick victory makes other
German nations respect Prussia
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E. Seven Weeks’ war
1. Bismarck creates border dispute
with Austria to provoke war
2. Prussia seizes Austrian territory,
northern German
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3. Eastern & western parts of
Prussian kingdom joined for first
time
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F. The Franco-Prussian War
1. Bismarck provokes war with
France to unite all Germans
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2. Wilhelm is
crowned Kaiser
– emperor of a
united Germany
– at Versailles
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3. Bismarck creates a Germany
united under Prussian dominance
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G. Balance is Lost
1. In 1815, the Congress of Vienna
established five powers in Europe
1. Austria
2. Prussia
3. Britain
4. France
5. Russia
66
2. By 1871, Britain & Prussia (now
Germany) have gained much
power
3. Austria & Russia are weaker
militarily & economically
67
3
PATTERNS
OF CHANGE
Nationalism
HOME
CASE STUDIES: Italy and Germany
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Describe the development of
independent nation-states in Europe.
1800
1815
Congress of
Vienna
1900
1830
Greece wins
independence
from
Ottomans.
1848
Revolts
throughout
Europe
1861
Victor
Emmanuel
II declared
king of Italy.
1866
Seven
Weeks’ War
between
Prussia and
Austria
1870
FrancoPrussian
War
1871
William I
crowned
kaiser of new
German
Empire.
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continued . . .
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IV. Revolutions in the Arts
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A. The Romantic Movement
1. Romanticism
a) reflected interest in nature
b) in the thoughts & feelings of the
individual
c) Reacted against the ideals of the
Enlightenment.
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2. The Ideas of Romanticism
a) the love of nature's untamed
beauty
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b) the value of common people
1) John Constable
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c) the glorification of heroes and heroic actions
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3. Romanticism in Literature
a) Goethe – German / one of the
earliest & greatest romantic
writers
b) Coleridge - honored nature as the
source of truth & beauty
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4. The Gothic Novel
a) Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein
(1) early gothic horror story about a
monster created from corpses
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5. Composers Emphasize Emotion
a) Music
changed during the
Romantic period
1) It became a part of middle-class life
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b) Ludwig van Beethoven
1) One of romanticism's first
composers
c) Chopin
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B. The Shift to Realism in the Arts
1) a reaction against romanticism
a) tried to show life as it was, not as
it should be
b) industrialism was a factor in the
rise of the realism movement
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2. Photographers Capture Reality
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3. Writers Study Society
a) Dickens
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C. Impressionists React Against
Realism
1. Goal of impressionist artists &
composers
a. show the ugly conditions created by
industrialization
b. to illustrate a moment in time
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2. Renoir
a) French artist
1) leading painter in the
development of the Impressionist
style
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3. Edgar Degas
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4. Claude Monet
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4
Revolutions in the Arts
Overview
MAIN IDEA
Artistic and
intellectual
movements both
reflected and
fueled changes in
Europe during
the 1800s.
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Romanticism and
realism continue
to dominate the
novels, dramas,
and films
produced today.
TERMS & NAMES
• romanticism
• realism
• impressionism
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Assessment
4
Revolutions in the Arts
Section
4
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Contrast romanticism, realism, and
impressionism. For each movement, provide a brief description, the social conditions that
each reflects, and representative artists.
Movement
Description
Romanticism
Emotional approach
Realism
Objective approach
Impressionism
Social conditions
Artists
Common people in heroic
fight against tyranny
Byron, Beethoven,
Victor Hugo
Everyday working people and
the problems of Industrial Age
Using light and color to
A more positive view of urban,
catch the fleeting moment industrialized society
Balzac, Zola,
Dickens, Courbet
Manet, Monet,
Degas, Renoir
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4
HOME
Revolutions in the Arts
Section
4
Assessment
2. How might a realist novel bring about changes in society?
Describe the steps by which this might happen.
THINK ABOUT
• the conditions described in realist novels
• who reads realist novels
• how political change takes place
ANSWER
Possible
Response:
Realist novels often describe unhealthy conditions in factories or
neighborhoods. They also focus on the suffering of workers. Sympathetic
readers might connect the fictional conditions with actual conditions. News
reporters might then investigate. Voters might complain to local politicians,
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who would introduce legislation.