THE PROGRESSIVE ERA
WORLD WAR I
THE PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT (1900-1920)
GOALS
Sought to correct political and economic injustices from industrialization
ROOTS OF PROGRESSIVES were from the Social Gospel Movement
-Headed and led by Protestant clergymen
-Called on Christians to rise to challenge of helping fellow man
IMPACT OF PROGRESSIVES: Social Reforms
-Brought many social reforms to society
-Jane Addams:leader in settlement house movement (HULL HOUSE)
PROGRESSIVE LEADERS
W.E.B. DUBOIS
-African-American leader who helped found the NAACP
IDA B. WELLS
-African-American leader who worked to end lynching
MORE PROGRESSIVE LEADERS
MUCKRAKERS were a group of investigative reporters, writers, and social
scientists working to expose the abuses of industrial society and the
corruption at all levels of government.
UPTON SINCLAIR
-THE JUNGLE revealed many abuses of the meat-packing industry
FRANK NORRIS
-THE OCTOPUS depicted the stranglehold railroads had on farmers.
JACOB RIIS
-HOW THE OTHER HALF LIVES. His photographs showed poverty
in urban areas.
THEODORE ROOSEVELT: SQUARE DEAL
HELPED BREAK UP “BAD TRUSTS”
PASSED LAWS TO PROTECT CONSUMER HEALTH
-Meat Inspection Act (1906)
-Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
INCREASED POWER OF INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION
-Helped regulate certain industries
CONSERVATION OF NATION’S NATURAL RESOURCES
-Attention to conserving forests, parks and wildlife
-Withheld federal lands from public sale
WOODROW WILSON: NEW FREEDOM
The NEW FREEDOM program sought to control business practices,
promote greater competition and lower tariff rates.
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE:
-Protected public parks and monuments
SIXTEENTH AMENDMENT
-Gave Congress the power to tax personal income
FEDERAL RESERVE ACT
-Created to regulate the amount of money in circulation
ANTI-TRUST LEGISLATION: CLAYTON ANTITRUST ACT
-Increased the federal government’s power to prevent unfair business
practices
WOMEN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENT
TRADITIONAL ROLE OF WOMEN
-Women were treated as subservient
-Patriarchal society: men were treated as “superior”
SENECA FALLS CONVENTION (1848)
-Birth of Women’s Rights Movement
SUSAN B. ANTHONY (WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE)
-Voted in 1872 election, but was arrested
-Supreme Court (1874) ruled citizenship does not include the “privilege
of voting.”
NINETEENTH AMENDMENT (1920)
-After WWI, amendment stated that no state could deny a citizen
the vote on the basis of sex
LITERATURE AND ART IN AMERICA
REALISM
-Art and literature was based on realism—depicting things as they
really are
LITERATURE
-HORATIO ALGER (rags to riches stories)
-MARK TWAIN (adventure stories)
-HENRY JAMES (The Portrait of a Lady)
-JACK LONDON (The Call of the Wild)
-KATE CHOPIN (The Awakening)
ART
-JAMES MCNEIL WHISTLER (Whistler’s Mother)
-THOMAS EAKINS (The Gross Clinic)
-HENRY OSSAWA TANNER (painted everyday life)
-WINSLOW HOMER (painted sea, boats, coasts)
CAUSES
SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
-Humanitarian concerns
-Yellow Journalism
-Protect U.S. economic interests in Cuba
-De Lome Letter called McKinley “weak”
-Sinking of the U.S. S. Maine
RESULTS
-U.S. gets Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam
-Cuba became a virtual U.S. protectorate
WHY THIS WAR IS CONSIDERED A TURNING POINT
-Ended Spanish colonial empire in Americas
-The U.S. emerges as a world power
IN THE PACIFIC
-PHILIPPINES. (rebels resist U.S. rule)
-Hawaii (after Queen overthrown, Sanford Dole leads the provisional
government, serves as Hawaii’s President, served as Governor
when Hawaii became a territory)
U.S. COLONIAL EMPIRE
REASONS FOR COLONIAL EXPANSION
-need for raw materials and markets
-Colonies would help U.S. naval strength
-NATIONALISM: would show other nations how strong U.S. had
become
-Missionaries sought to spread Christianity
ALFRED THAYER MAHAN
-Wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History
-Argued for making U.S. into a world power
-Said needed a strong navy, merchant marine to protect colonial
interests
WORLD WAR I
CAUSES
-NATIONALISM, IMPERIALISM, ALLIANCES (ISM), MILITARISM
STARTED BY:
-Assassination of ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND
REASONS FOR U.S. INTERVENTION
-Closer ties to Britain and France
-German actions and propaganda
-ZIMMERMAN TELEGRAM
-Violations of Freedom of Seas
-Sinking of the Lusitania/Sussex Pledge
-Use of UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE
WORLD WAR I HIGHLIGHTS
NEW WEAPONS AND TACTICS
-submarines
-machine guns
-airplanes
-early tanks
-poison gas
-trench warfare
SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT:
-Allowed government to draft men to serve in war
AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCE (led by General Pershing)
-U.S. troops sent to Europe to defeat Germany
BATTLE OF ARGONNE FOREST
-Major battle of WWI. Germany defeated
-ALVIN YORK awarded the Medal of Honor
WORLD WAR I RESULTS
WILSON’S FOURTEEN POINTS
Proposed by President Wilson as basis for peace treaty
-Created new nation-states: POLAND
-Break up Austria-Hungary
-Freedom of the Seas
-No secret treaties, open diplomacy
-LEAGUE OF NATIONS
VERSAILLES AND OTHER TREATIES
Ended World War I. Dealt harshly with Germany
-Germany lost its colonies
-Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Turkey were broken up into
separate nation-states
-League of Nations created
What was a major reason the U.S. entered
WWI?
a. Japanese forces had occupied Manchuria
b. German troops had landed on American soil
c. Austro-Hungarian Empire had invaded
Belgium
d. Germany had resumed unrestricted
submarine warfare
During the early 1900s, the term “muckrakers”
was used to describe:
a. People who demonstrated against the war
b. Writers who exposed the evils in American
society
c. newspaper columnists who reported on
celebrities
d. Politicians who criticized Progressive Era
Presidents
The Spanish-American War of 1898 marked a
turning point in American foreign policy because
the U.S.
a. Developed a plan for peaceful co-existence
b. Emerged as a new world power
c. Pledged neutrality in future European
conflicts
d. Refused to become a colonial power
IMPORTANT INDIVIDUALS
ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND
-His assassination sparked the start of WWI
JOHN J. PERSHING
-Commanded the American Expeditionary Force in WWI
ALVIN YORK
-WWI soldier who won Congressional Medal of Honor for valor
WOODROW WILSON
-U.S. President during WWI. Issued Fourteen Points. Strongly
supported participation in League of Nations
HENRY CABOT LODGE
-U.S. Senator who led the fight against joining the League of Nations