THE PROGRESSIVE ERA
WORLD WAR I
THE PROGRESSIVE MOVMENT (1900-1920)
GOALS
Sought to correct political and economic injustices from industrialization
ROOTS OF PROGRESSIVES were from the Social Gospel Movement
-Headed and led by Protestant clergymen
-Called on Christians to rise to challenge of helping fellow man
IMPACT OF PROGRESSIVES: Social Reforms
-Brought many social reforms to society
-Jane Addams:leader in settlement house movement (HULL HOUSE)
PROGRESSIVE LEADERS
W.E.B. DUBOIS
-African-American leader who helped found the NAACP
IDA B. WELLS
-African-American leader who worked to end lynching
MORE PROGRESSIVE LEADERS
MUCKRAKERS were a group of investigative reporters, writers, and social
scientists working to expose the abuses of industrial society and the
corruption at all levels of government.
UPTON SINCLAIR
-THE JUNGLE revealed many abuses of the meat-packing industry
FRANK NORRIS
-THE OCTOPUS depicted the stranglehold railroads had on farmers.
JACOB RIIS
-HOW THE OTHER HALF LIVES. His photographs showed poverty
in urban areas.
THEODORE ROOSEVELT: SQUARE DEAL
HELPED BREAK UP “BAD TRUSTS”
PASSED LAWS TO PROTECT CONSUMER HEALTH
-Meat Inspection Act (1906)
-Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
INCREASED POWER OF INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISION
-Helped regulate certain industries
CONSERVATION OF NATION’S NATURAL RESOURCES
-Attention to conserving forests, parks and wildlife
-Withheld federal lands from public sale
WOODROW WILSON: NEW FREEDOM
The NEW FREEDOM program sought to control business practices,
promote greater competition and lower tariff rates.
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE:
-Protected public parks and monuments
SIXTEENTH AMENDMENT
-Gave Congress the power to tax personal income
FEDERAL RESERVE ACT
-Created to regulate the amount of money in circulation
ANTI-TRUST LEGISLATION: CLAYTON ANTITRUST ACT
-Increased the federal government’s power to prevent unfair business
practices
WOMEN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENT
TRADITIONAL ROLE OF WOMEN
-Women were treated as subservient
-Patriarchal society: men were superior
SENECA FALLS CONVENTION (1848)
-Birth of Women’s Rights Movement
SUSAN B. ANTHONY (WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE)
-Voted in 1872 election, but was arrested
-Supreme Court (1874) ruled citizenship does not include the “privilege
of voting.”
NINETEENTH AMENDMENT (1920)
-After WWI, amendment stated that no state could deny a citizen
the vote on the basis of sex
LITERATURE AND ART IN AMERICA
REALISM
-Art and literature was based on realism—depicting things as they
really are
LITERATURE
-HORATIO ALGER (rags to riches stories)
-MARK TWAIN (adventure stories)
-HENRY JAMES (The Portrait of a Lady)
-JACK LONDON (The Call of the Wild)
-KATE CHOPIN (The Awakening)
ART
-JAMES MCNEIL WHISTLER (Whistler’s Mother)
-THOMAS EAKINS (The Gross Clinic)
-HENRY OSSAWA TANNER (painted everyday life)
-WINSLOW HOMER (painted sea, boats, coasts)
CAUSES
SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
-Humanitarian concerns
-Yellow Journalism
-Protect U.S. economic interests in Cuba
-De Lome Letter called McKinley “weak”
-Sinking of the U.S. S. Maine
RESULTS
-U.S. gets Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam
-Cuba became a virtual U.S. protectorate
WHY THIS WAR IS CONSIDERED A TURNING POINT
-Ended Spanish colonial empire in Americas
-The U.S. emerges as a world power
IN THE PACIFIC
-PHILLIPINES. (rebels resist U.S. rule)
-Hawaii (after Queen overthrown, Sanford Dole leads the provisional
government, serves as Hawaii’s President, served as Governor
when Hawaii became a state))
U.S. COLONIAL EMPIRE
REASONS FOR COLONIAL EXPANSION
-need for raw materials and markets
-Colonies would help U.S. naval strength
-NATIONALISM: would show other nations how strong U.S. had
become
-Missionaries sought to spread Christianity
ALFRED THAYER MAHAN
-Wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History
-Argued for making U.S. into a world power
-Said needed a strong navy, merchant marine to protect colonial
interests
WORLD WAR I
CAUSES
-NATIONALISM, IMPERIALISM, ALLIANCES (ISM), MILITARISM
STARTED BY:
-Assassination of ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND
REASONS FOR U.S. INTERVENTION
-Closer ties to Britain and France
-German actions and propaganda
-ZIMMERMAN TELEGRAM
-Violations of Freedom of Seas
-Sinking of the Lusitania/Sussex Pledge
-Use of UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE
WORLD WAR I HIGHLIGHTS
NEW WEAPONS AND TACTICS
-submarines
-machine guns
-air planes
-early tanks
-poison gas
-trench warfare
SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT:
-Allowed government to draft men to serve in war
AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCE
-U.S. troops sent to Europe to defeat Germany
BATTLE OF ARGONNE FOREST
-Major battle of WWI. Germany defeated
-ALVIN YORK awarded the Medal of Honor
WORLD WAR I RESULTS
WILSON’S FOURTEEN POINTS
Proposed by President Wilson as basis for peace treaty
-Created new nation-states: POLAND
-Break up Austria-Hungary
-Freedom of the Seas
-No secret treaties, open diplomacy
-LEAGUE OF NATIONS
VERSAILLES AND OTHER TREATIES
Ended World War I. Dealt harshly with Germany
-Germany lost its colonies
-Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Turkey were broken up into
separate nation-states
-League of Nations created
IMPORTANT INDIVIDUALS
ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND
-His assassination sparked the start of WWI
JOHN J. PERSHING
-Commanded the American Expeditionary Force in WWI
ALVIN YORK
-WWI soldier who won Congressional Medal of Honor for valor
WOODROW WILSON
-U.S. President during WWI. Issued Fourteen Points. Strongly
supported participation in League of Nations
HENRY CABOT LODGE
-U.S. Senator who led the fight against joining the League of Nations