Name:_______________________________________Period:_______Date:______________
 ______________________ = the grouping of objects or organisms based on a set of
criteria.
 _____________________________ = A branch of biology that groups and names
organisms.
I. History:
A. ___________________ (384-322 B.C.)

Greek philosopher

1st method of classification

2 groups: ______________& ___________________
B. _________________________ (1707-1778)

Swedish botanist

System we still use _________________________

___________________________________________ (2 word naming system)

Every living organism has a genus name and a species name!

Genus species:
o scientific name Ex: Homo sapiens

common name Ex: = _______________________
o scientific name Ex: Acinonyx jubatus


common name Ex: Cheetah
Writing scientific names (genus & species):
o The _______________ name is ___________________; the species
name is ______________________
o Both genus and species names are always:

______________________or__________________________
II.Why are living things organized?

Provides _______________ and _________________________

_________________understanding-useful tool

Important to _______________________- discoveries!

New sources of lumber, medicines, energy, etc…
1
III. How are living things classified?
A. _______________- series of categories, each one larger than the previous one

________________ (only one-least broad)

________________

________________

________________

________________

________________

________________

________________(Very Broad Category)
B. Classified by similarities in:
1. _______________________ stages
2. __________________________analysis (DNA)
3. __________________________patterns
IV.
DOMAINS:

Organisms are classified into ________________ according to cell type and structure

Organisms are classified into ____________________ according to cell type, structure, and

2 Cell Types:
nutrition
1) _____________________________________= have
membrane-bound nucleus and organelles; usually more
complex than prokaryotic cells
2) _____________________________________= does
NOT have a nucleus or other membrane-bound
organelles

3 Domains:
1) Bacteria
2) Archea (pronounced- ar KEE uh)
3) Eukarya
A. _______________________

Prokaryotes

Cell walls contain peptidoglycan (polymer of sugars)

Contains Kingdom Bacteria
B. _______________________
2

More ancient than bacteria

Prokaryotes

Cell walls _________________ contain peptidoglycan

Live in ___________________________ environments
o Boiling hot springs, salty latkes, thermal vents on the oceans’ floors, mud of
marshes where there is NO oxygen
C. __________________________________

Eukaryotes

Contains Kingdom Protists, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Plants, Kingdom Animals
V. THE SIX KINGDOMS:
1. BACTERIA
2. ARCHAEA
3. PROTISTS
4. FUNGI
5. PLANTS
6. ANIMALS
Flow Chart of Domains & Kingdoms:
3 Domains
6 Kingdoms
Bacteria
Bacteria
Archaea
Archaea
Protists
Plants
Eukarya
Fungi
Animals
3
A. BACTERIA

Cell type –_______________________

Cell walls with peptidoglycan

Unicellular

Autotroph (organism that makes their own
heterotroph (organism that gets its
feeding on other organisms)

Common bacteria
food) or
nutrients by
E. coli
o Ex: bacteria you would find on your skin
o Ex: streptococcus bacteria causes strep throat
o Ex: __________________
B. ARCHAEA




Cell type –_________________________
Cell walls ________________________contain peptidoglycan
Unicellular
Autotroph or heterotroph
C. PROTISTS
Paramecium

Most _____________________ group

Cell type – eukaryote

Unicellular and multicellular

Some ___________________, ___________________ and _________________

DO NOT have _____________________________

Usually live in ______________environments

Ex: ___________________, slime mold, ___________________
Slime mold

D. FUNGI

Cell type – eukaryote

Most multicellular

____________________________- absorb nutrients obtained by
________________________ dead organisms and wastes in environment

Cell walls with chitin (polymer)

Ex: ______________, _____________________
Kelp
4
E. PLANTS

Cell type – eukaryote

Multicellular

___________________________ (autotrophs)

Most have _____________________ in their cell walls

________________________ organized into ____________ (roots, stems, leaves)
F. ANIMALS

Cell type – eukaryote

Multicellular

Consumers that _______ and digest ______________________________for food

No ____________________________

Have tissues organized into complex organ systems
Kingdom Characteristics
Domain
Bacteria
Archaea
Kingdom
Bacteria
Archaea
Cell Type
Cell Walls
Number of
Cells
Nutrition
Eukarya
Protists
Prokaryotic
Contains
peptidoglycan
Does NOT contain
peptidoglycan
Unicellular
Autotroph or heterotroph
Fungi
Plants
Animals
Cellulose
NO Cell walls
Eukaryotic
Some with
cellulose
Chitin
Unicellular &
Multicellular
Most
Multicellular
Heterotroph
Multicellular
Autotroph
Heterotroph
5
Classification Practice
In the exercises that follow, arrange the items listed into different groups. Give each group a
title indicating what the members of that group have in common.
1. German Shepherd, Great Dane, parrot, Irish setter, canary, husky, robin, pigeon
Title _____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
Title ______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
2. Apples, peas, orange, banana, carrot, lettuce, turnip, pear, grape, potato
Title _____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
Title ______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
3. Steak, football, sausage, chair, table, bacon, sofa, baseball bat, cleats, ham, bookcase
Title _________________ Title__________________ Title_________________
_________________
__________________
________________
_________________
__________________
________________
_________________
__________________
________________
_________________
__________________
________________
_____________________
_______________________
____________________
4. Number the following classification groups from the largest to the smallest (the largest
group will be Number 1). Also, define each of the classification groups below.
_____ Class
_____ Genus
_____ Kingdom
_____ Species
_____ Phylum
_____ Order
_____ Family
6
Cladogram Practice
Step One “The Chart”:
1. First, you need to make a “characteristics chart” the helps you analyze which characteristics each species. Fill in
a “x” for yes it has the trait and “o” for “no” for each of the organisms below.
Backbone
Legs
Hair
Earthworm
Fish
Lizard
Human
“yes count”
Step Two “The Cladogram”:
This step converts the above chart into a cladogram. The traits are written on the main line, and species go on the
branches. On the cladogram below, try to put all the characters and the species in the correct evolutionary history.
2. Complete the following chart the same way as the above example. After you complete the
chart, use it to create a cladogram on the back of this paper.
Hair
Legs
Thumbs
eyes
Human
Snake
Monkey
Mouse
Starfish
7
Interpreting a Cladogram
First, let’s practice interpreting
some cladograms. Looking at the
images, answer the questions
below
1. Which animals have
mammary glands?
2. What animal does not
have jaws?
3. Which animals have lungs?
4. What other animals would come after the chimp?
5. What could the character trait be that would come after the chimp?
6. What character trait separates salamanders and lizards?
7. Based on the cladogram, which shared a common ancestor most recently: a mouse and a lizard, or
a mouse and a perch?
8. Make a characteristics chart (hint: look at previous page for an example)
8