Chemical Formulas and Names for Ionic Compounds Terminology Review: A chemical formula uses chemical symbols to represent a particular compound. Compound – 2 or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion What are Ionic Compounds? Ionic compounds - when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another, creating a neutral compound - pure substances usually consisting of one metal (donor or giver of electrons – therefore pos. charge) and one non-metal (receiver of electrons – therefore neg. charge) Some Properties of Ionic Compounds: Crystal Lattice Solid - - high melting points ability to form crystals dissolve in water to form solutions that conduct electricity solid at room temperature Conductivity Soluble in Water How are Ionic Compounds formed? Ionic bonds - attraction between oppositely charged ions How do ions form? - when one or more electrons move from a metal atom over to a non-metal atom Rules to follow when writing Formulas and Naming Ionic Compounds: a) & b) Ion formed from elements a) Write the symbol for the metal first, then the non-metal. b) Determine the ion charge each element would form. Write the charge to the upper right of the symbol. Elements to Combine a) b) Ion formed (Element symbol and charge) Mg2+ Magnesium Chlorine Cl- REVIEW – What’s the Charge? Remember: Look at the valence electrons and ask yourself “What’s easiest?”. Let’s review………. Note the names of the non-metals when they turn into ions. Predicting Ionic Charges Group 1: Lose 1 electron to form 1+ ions H+ Li+ Na+ K+ Predicting Ionic Charges Group 2: Loses 2 electrons to form 2+ ions Be2+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Sr2+ Ba2+ Predicting Ionic Charges B3+ Al3+ Ga3+ Group 13: Loses 3 electrons to form 3+ ions Predicting Ionic Charges Neither! Group 14 elements rarely form ions. Group 14: Lose 4 electrons or gain 4 electrons? Predicting Ionic Charges N3- Nitride P3- Phosphide As3- Arsenide Group 15: Gains 3 electrons to form 3- ions Predicting Ionic Charges O2- Oxide S2- Sulfide Se2- Selenide Group 16: Gains 2 electrons to form 2- ions Predicting Ionic Charges F1-Fluoride Br1- Bromide Cl1-Chloride I1- Iodide Group 17: Gains 1 electron to form 1- ions Predicting Ionic Charges Group 18: Stable Noble gases do not form ions! Predicting Ionic Charges Groups 3 - 12: Many transition elements have more than one possible oxidation state. Iron(II) = Fe2+ Iron(III) = Fe3+ Predicting Ionic Charges Groups 3 - 12: Some transition elements have only one possible oxidation state. Zinc = Zn2+ Silver = Ag+ c) Determine the number of each ion needed to balance the charge. Elements to Combine a) b) Ion formed (Element symbol and charge) c) Balance the charges Cl- Magnesium Chlorine Mg2+ Criss-Cross Rule: Place the charge of one ion as the subscript of the other ion. Cl- Mg2+ Cl- Total: 2 + and 2 – Overall charge = 0 d) Write the chemical formula Rewrite the symbols together (no spaces) with the number of each needed as subscripts, reduce if possible Elements to Combine a) b) Ion formed (Element symbol and charge) Magnesium Chlorine Mg2+ Cl- c) Balance the charges Mg2+ d) Write the chemical formula ClCl- MgCl2 e) Write the name of the metal first, then the nonmetal by changing the ending to “ide”. Elements to Combine a) b) Ion formed (Element symbol and charge) Magnesium Chlorine c) Balance the charges d) Write the chemical formula e) Name the compound MgCl2 Magnesium Chloride ClMg2+ Cl- Mg2+ Cl- Polyatomic Ions A polyatomic ion • is a group of atoms. • has an overall ionic charge. Some examples of polyatomic ions are NH4+ ammonium NO3− nitrate OH− NO2− hydroxide nitrite CO32− carbonate PO43− phosphate HCO3− hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate) Naming Polyatomic Ions The names of common polyatomic anions • end in ate. NO3− nitrate PO43− phosphate • with one oxygen less end in ite. NO2− nitrite PO33− phosphite Naming Compounds with Polyatomic Ions. • The positive ion is named first, followed by the name of the polyatomic ion. NaNO3 sodium nitrate K2SO4 potassium sulfate (NH4)3PO3 ammonium phosphite Writing Formulas with Polyatomic Ions. • The Criss-Cross Rule still applies Na+ and NO3− -> NaNO3 • with two or more polyatomic ions has the polyatomic ions in parentheses. Mg2+ and 2NO3− -> Mg(NO3)2 subscript 2 for charge balance