What molecules make up
living things?
Two Types of Molecules That
Make Up Living Things
ORGANIC
• Must contain the element
carbon
• Found in living organisms
• Some organic molecules
contain hydrogen and
oxygen
• Some contain nitrogen
Ex: Carbs, Lipids, Proteins,
Nucleic Acids
INORGANIC
• Any molecule that is not
organic is inorganic
•
Does not
contain carbon
– Exception is CO2 doesn’t
contain H
– Ex: Water
LIVING THINGS MUST CONTAIN BOTH
Where do we find these organic
macromolecules?
• In living organism’s cells
• In the foods that we eat
Food Label Analysis- With your partner, look at
this food label and discuss the following…
• Identify the organic
macromolecules that
have been discussed so
far
• Which macromolecule is
has the highest value?
Lowest?
• What are some of the
biological functions of this
food based on the
macromolecules that
make it up?
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s16Tfrw
114&feature=related
4 Kinds of Organic Compounds
•
•
•
•
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
THESE MOLCULES CAN ALSO BE CALLED
MACROMOLECULES
MACRO= BIG MOLECULES= DIFFERENT
ELEMENTS
How do carbohydrates look?
• Ring shaped
• Contains C,H,O
• C6H12O6 is the main
carbohydrate called
GLUCOSE
1:2:1 Ratio
Carbohydrate Scientific Name
• Monosaccharide is the monomer (building block)
name
Mono=one monosaccharide(single carb) glucose
• Monosaccharides can join together to form…
Di= two disaccharide (double sugar)
glucose+ glucose= maltose
glucose +fructose= sucrose
glucose+ galactose= lactose
Poly more than two (polysaccharide)
Examples of Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides
– Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose
• Dissacharides
– sucrose, lactose, maltose
• Polysaccharides
– Starch, cellulose, chitin, glycogen
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates- Biological
Function and Features
• Main source of usable energy for organisms
• Used in the presence of oxygen to generate cellular energy
(ATP)
• Carbohydrates make up part of our cell membrane
(hydrophobic)
• Sweet in flavor
– Starch is an important complex carbohydrate
(polysaccharide) made from glucose
– Cellulose is a polysaccharide carbohydrate that make up
plant cell walls raw veggies are crunchy because you are
eating the cell wall. WE CALL IT FIBER!!!
– We store carbohydrates in the liver in a form called GLYCOGEN
(polysaccharide)
Carbohydrate Chain on Outside
of cell membrane
How do living things obtain
these carbohydrates?
• Food that they eat
– Grains and plants
How are these molecules made and
biochemically stored in organisms? Dehydration
Synthesis (Condensation)
How does condensation occur?
• One molecule of
water is lost for every
monosaccharide
molecules that come
together.
• Two molecules are
then covalently
bonded.
• Can continue to form
long chains called
polymers
How do organisms break large
carbohydrates for usage?
• Hydrolysis
• Using water to split di- and polysaccharides in order to form
monosaccharides (glucose)
• The monosaccharides can then be used
by cell to generate cell energy (ATP)
Hydrolysis
Animation
• http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydrat
/dehydrat.html
• http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/conte
nt/chp03/0302002.html
Lipids
• Also known as fats or oil
– Fat: solid at room temperature
– Oil: liquid at room temp
Monomer building blocks of two parts: Glycerol
and 3 fatty acids
Forming a lipid molecule
3 fatty acids molecules
1 glycerol
Process used to form a lipid
molecule
• Condensation (Dehydration Synthesis)
• 3 Water molecules are drawn out to form
one lipid molecule
• Forms a triglyceride molecule
Lipid formation animation and
information
• http://nutrition.jbpub.com/resources/animat
ions.cfm?id=10&debug=0
• http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/conte
nt/chp03/0302002.html
One Lipid molecule
SHAPED LIKE A LETTER E
Biological Function
• Lipids chiefly function in energy storage, protection,
and insulation in living things
• A main component of cell membranes
– Fats: found in animals
– Oils: found in animals and plants.
Waxes: found in plants
solid at room temp.
– Steroids: contain fat compounds ( biological
hormones, cholesterol)
Ways to Recognize a Lipid
• 3 Fatty acid chains
• Shaped like a letter E
• Large and long
molecule
Types of lipids (fats)
• Unsaturated lipid (fats):
– the fatty acid component contains C bonded
to C using a double bond or a triple bond
Types of lipids (fats)
• Polyunsaturated Lipids
These lipids have more than one double or
triple bond in their fatty acid tails
• Saturated lipids (fats): all carbon in the
fatty acid chains are single bonded
What is a protein?
• Proteins are organic molecules that play
an important role in
•
•
•
•
Growth and repair of cells
Can be used for energy
Helps to keep a stable body temperature
Growth and repair and support of muscle tissue,
hair, skin, nails (ex. Keratin and collagen)
• Carry out genetic instruction from the nucleus
• Helps to speed up biochemical reactions
• Fighting off infections (antibodies)
Composition of Proteins
• Monomer: Amino Acid
• 3 Parts to an amino acid: Amino Group, R
side chain, carboxylic acid group
How do amino acids come
together?
• Dehydration synthesis (condensation)
• Results in a PEPTIDE BOND
How do amino acids come together
How do amino acids form proteins? Condensation/
Dehydration Synthesis
• Forms a peptide bond when amino acids
combine
• 2 a.a. coming together= DIPEPTIDE
• 3 or more a.a. coming together =
POLYPEPTIDE
• 50-3000 a.a. linked together considered a
PROTEIN
Animation- Protein
• http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydrat
/dehydrat.html
• http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/conte
nt/chp03/0302002.html
How can proteins change?
• http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/a
nimations/content/proteinstructure.html
What are nucleic acids?
• Compounds that contain phosphorus and
nitrogen in addition to other organic
elements C,O,H
• Found in hereditary material in the form of
DNA or RNA
Monomer for Nucleic Acids
• Arranged as
repeating
NUCLEOTIDES
• Three parts to the
nucleotide
– Phosphate backbone
– Sugar molecule
– Nitrogenous base
DNA- Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• Contains the genetic hereditary code that
makes each of us different. Our genetic
“blueprint”
What is RNA?
• RNA= ribonucleic acid
• RNA is single stranded
• Controls genetic messages of the cell to
form proteins for the cell.
RNA Picture
• http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/conte
nt/chp03/0302002.html
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8WJ2
KENlK0 (