I have tried to make this review as easy as possible. The AP Framework is on 6-30 to 6-35. You do not need to answer the questions we have already
completed. You may just attach that information for your review later. Anything in bold print should be summarized under the appropriate topic on
your own AP Framework. Questions that need to be answered on your Framework begin with a “?” To get full credit, all bold ideas and questions
must be answered on your Framework handout. There are only a few places in which you will have to provide definitions or explanations.
Government subsidies for transportation and communication
In 1862 ?Congress passed this act which designated the 32nd parallel as the initial transcontinental route and gave huge grants of lands for rights-of-way. The
act was an effort to aid in the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean . Congress eventually authorized four
transcontinental railroads and granted 174 million acres of public lands for rights-of-way. The U.S. government also provided loans based on terrain.
Technological innovations
?A process for removing air pockets from iron, and thus allowed steel to be made. This made skyscrapers possible, advances in shipbuilding, construction,
etc.
?One of the most prolific inventors in U.S. history. He invented the phonograph, light bulb, electric battery, mimeograph and moving picture.
?1876 - Invented the telephone.
During the Gilded Age, the number of new inventions skyrocketed: between 1790 and 1860, the U.S. Patent Office granted 36,000 patents, but between 1861
and 1930, it registered 1.5 million patents. Inventions were created in conjunction with the emerging new technologies - electricity replaced steam power; the
assembly production line replaced individual production; and single machines with huge output capacities replaced single workers. For example:
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1857 - The first packaged toilet paper was the invention of American, Joseph Gayetty who called it Gayetty's Medicated Paper. In 1879, the Scott Paper
Company began selling the first toilet paper on a roll; however, toilet paper in roll form did not become common until 1907.
1861 - Doctor Richard Gatling patented the Gatling Gun, a six-barreled weapon, the first gun that was capable of sustained multiple bursts - a (then)
phenomenal 200 rounds per minute. The Gatling gun was a hand-driven, crank-operated, multi-barrel, machine gun, the first with reliable loading,
1874 - Barbed wire was created to pen in the increasing number of animals raised in the west.
1881 - The cigarette making machine shaped the tobacco, encased it in paper into an endless tube, and snipped off the tube at cigarette-length
intervals. This machine could produce more than 7,000 cigarettes and hour, replacing the worker who at best made 3,000 per day.
**List two more inventions from your reading.
Exploitation of labor force and natural resources
Industrial safety was a large issue: factory work was very dangerous, and it was difficult if not impossible to hold factory owners responsible for deaths and
injuries. Around 1900 25-35,000 deaths and 1 million injuries per year occurred on industrial jobs. Many of the deaths occurred on railroad jobs, which were
especially dangerous. Fires, machinery accidents, train wrecks and other misfortunes were common. No federal regulation of safety and no enforcement of state
or local safety regulations existed. Insurance and pensions were rare, and courts were not sympathetic to worker claims; no liability was seen if the worker
was negligent, or if the employer was not. The burden of proof was on the injured party to prove he or she had not been negligent—and it is difficult to prove a
negative. Poor English was a problem; many workers could not read safety regulations or instructions on operating machines. Only about two percent of those
injured or killed ever recovered on claims. Twenty percent of the work force were children. Low wages, long hours, and monotony were the job
dehumanized were also problems.
Conflicts between the Robber Barons who were richer than ever, and the urban poor, who were poorer than ever, increased rather than diminished. Working
conditions were horrendous during the Gilded Age. In 1889 alone, 22,000 railroad workers were killed or injured on the job. Thousands of others died or were
crippled in the nation's mines, steel mills, and textile mills. Not only were workers angry about poor working conditions and mistreatment, they were especially
upset about losing theirjobs to local or imported strikebreakers and increasing efforts of management to destroy their unions. As many employers shut
down their plants and attempted "to starve" their employees out of the union, violent outbreaks occurred in the North, South, and West, in small communities
as well as in large metropolitan cities.
July, 1877 - A large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the rioting.
The worst violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men.
Started by enraged workers who were part of George Pullman's "model town", it began when Pullman fired three workers on a committee. Pullman refused to
negotiate and troops were brought in to ensure that trains would continue to run. When orders for Pullman cars slacked off, Pullman cut wages, but did not cut
rents or store prices. Grover Cleveland eventually sent troops to secure the delivery of the mail.
?A judicial order forcing a person or group to refrain from doing something. Often used against labor unions such as Eugene Deb in the In re Debs case
during the Pullman strike.
Environmental degradation included smog, litter, toxic waste in rivers and on land, and deforestation.
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Since there was no garbage removal system the streets were filthy. Even in the few areas where sewage lines existed, the sewage was emptied into
some nearby body of water
Few city streets were paved until the very end of the Century, with Washington D.C. taking the lead.
The quality and quantity of the water supply varied from city to city. Mostly it was very poor and contained many disease-carrying organisms. By
the turn of the century, only 6% of urban residents received filtered water.
Lumber demand increased and forests were destroyed. Example - Between 1869 and 1899, lumber production increased 500% in south, destroying the
forests of Louisana and Alabama.
Poor air quality - such as that seen in this photograph in Pittsburgh in the late 19th Century.
The nation's abundant water supply helped power the industrial machines.
Forests provided lumber for construction and wooden products.
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Miners took large quantities of coal and iron ore from the ground. Andrew Carnegie and other business leaders made steel from these minerals. In turn,
steel played a vital role in the industrialization process. It was used to build machines, railroad tracks, bridges, automobiles, and skyscrapers. Most of
that mining left toxic waste and environmental scars.
Other industrially valuable minerals included copper, silver, and petroleum. Petroleum - the source of gasoline - became especially important as that
newest of popular inventions, the automobile, became more popular in the early 20th Century.
Expanding markets in Pacific and Latin America
The Treaty of Wangxia (Wang-hsia) was the first formal treaty signed between the United States and China in 1844. It served as an American counterpart to the
Anglo-Chinese Treaty of Nanjing that ended the First Opium War in 1842.
1868 – Burlingame Treaty – with China; established improved relations
Matthew Perry forced Japan to open trade with the U.S.
1824 Monroe Doctrine stated that efforts by European nations to colonize or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of
aggression towards the United States and that the U.S. would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal European affairs.
Inherent in the Monroe Doctrine are the themes of American Exceptionalism and Manifest Destiny, two ideas that refer to the right of United States to exert its
influence over the rest of the world.
The Open Door Policy was established in 1899 and stated that all European nations and the United States could trade with China.
The "Big Brother" Policy An extension of the Monroe Doctrine formulated in the 1880s that aimed to rally Latin American nations behind U.S. leadership and
to open their markets to American traders.
Types of consolidation and theories justifying
A ?form of monopoly that occurs when one person or company gains control of every step of the manufacturing process for a single product, such as an
auto maker that also owns its own steel mills, rubber plantations, and other companies that supply its parts. This allows the company to lower its costs of
production and drive its competition out of business.
A? form of monopoly that occurs when one person or company gains control of one aspect of an entire industry or manufacturing process, such as a
monopoly on auto assembly lines or on coal mining, for example.
Developed in the 1880s, a practice by which railroads would give ?money back to its favored customers, rather than charging them lower prices, so that it
could appear to be charging a flat rate for everyone.
?Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a monopoly). The laws (such as
Sherman Anti-Trust) to prevent these monopolies were not generally enforced at the time or used against labor union.
?Companies that hold a majority of another company's stock in order to control the management of that company. Can be used to establish a monopoly.
This is sometimes diagrammed as a pyramid.
American social beliefs became intimately tied to capitalism and Social Darwinism.
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Corporate owners loosely applied Social Darwinism - the "survival of the fittest" philosophy - in order to justify unbridled competition and they used
an absolute belief in private property to keep the government out of private economic affair
They also used Social Darwinism - as well as Calvinist traditions from colonial America - to justify the existence of poverty. Individuals were held
responsible for their own actions. If people were poor, it was because they were not working hard enough.
This is what made Henry George’s writings so controversial for the times. He argued that poverty is not a natural condition, but rather a manmade
condition that can be remedied - " … poverty is a crime - not an individual crime, but a social crime, a crime for which we all, poor as well as rich,
are responsible …"
John D Rockefeller used in American Beauty Rose analogy to justify this theory of social Darwinism.
This ? due process amendment that was cleverly used to protect corporations profits rather than Black civil rights.
No state shall deny a person life, liberty, or property without due process of law.
6.1 Opposition to industrialization
Internal and external migration
The nation grew faster than it ever had, bringing about great shifts:
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from a largely homogeneous population of Western European immigrants into a more heterogeneous population including Southern and Eatern
Europeans and Asians;
from an agricultural economy to an industrial economy; (Internal migration)
from a predominately rural society to a predominately urban society; and
from an isolated nation that was economically dependent upon European capital and manufactured goods to an international nation that became a
major industrial, financial, and trading power.
Immigrants. (External migration) A substantial proportion of the labor force consisted of immigrants. This was the largest voluntary immigration in world
history. Gilded Age immigrants came overwhelmingly from southern and eastern Europe, Italy, and Russia.
Labor Union
?Union established in 1866, and headed by William Sylvis and Richard Trevellick, it concentrated on producer cooperation to achieve goals. Short live union
due to Panic of 1873.
?An American labor union originally established as a secret fraternal order and noted as the first union of all workers. It was founded in 1869 in
Philadelphia by Uriah Stephens and a number of fellow workers. It had a long list of labor demands but was blamed for the Haymarket Square killings and did
not survive.
?This union began in 1886 with about 140,000 members; by 1917 it had 2.5 million members. It is a federation of different unions. It was formed by
Samual Gompers and merged with the CIO and still represent labor interests today. It was known as the bread and butter union for its simple demands on better
wages, hours, and conditions. It was not deemed radical.
Strikes. Unemployed workers demonstrated in Boston, Chicago, and New York in the winter of 1873-74 demanding public work. In New York's Tompkins
Square in January 1874, police entered the crowd with clubs and beat up thousands of men and women. The most violent strikes in American history followed
the panic, including by the secret labor group known as the Molly Maguires in Pennsylvania's coal fields in 1875, when masked workmen exchanged gunfire
with the "Coal and Iron Police," a private force commissioned by the state. A nationwide railroad strike followed in 1877, in which mobs destroyed railway hubs
in Pittsburgh, Chicago, and Cumberland, Maryland.
Perhaps the worst, as well as the most famous of all riots occurred in Chicago's Haymarket Square on Tuesday, May 4, 1886. It began as a rally in support of
striking workers when an unknown person threw a bomb at police as they tried to disperse the public meeting. The bomb blast and ensuing gunfire resulted in the
deaths of eight police officers and an unknown number of civilians. Consequently, eight anarchists were tried for murder. This engraving shows the seven
anarchists sentenced to die for the death of a police officer. The eighth defendant, not shown here, was sentenced to 15 years in prison. Four were put to death,
one committed suicide in prison, and two had their sentences commuted to life imprisonment. In 1882, Governor Atgeld commuted the sentence of the three
remaining in prison. Thousands of strikes took place across the country during this time period. The most famous of these strikes were at one of Carnegies’s
steel plants, The Homestead Stike, The Pullman Stike, and the Great RR strike of 1877. Federal and state troops were sent in against the workers in all
of these strikes.
The Proposed New South
The vision of a “New South” was heralded by southern landowners, entrepreneurs, and newspaper editors in the decades following the Confederacy’s defeat in
1865 and the abolition of racial slavery across the South. These “New South” boosters argued that, with its plantation economy destroyed by the Civil War and
Reconstruction, the South would develop a new economy more attuned to the industrial capitalism that defined the rest of the American economy.
Atlanta Constitution editor Henry Grady was the leading exponent of a “New South” based on industrial development, giving speeches throughout the
country and writing articles and editorials in his newspaper. Both of the following speeches by Grady—one given in Boston in 1889, the other in New York in
1886—conveyed not only the message of industrialization as a panacea, but also Grady’s fierce regional pride and his general moderation on racial issues, which
were becoming increasingly contentious in these years. Unfortunately, the South did not embrace the diversity and modernization proposed by Grady.
The South remained reliant on cotton and tobacco. A few textile factories were in the South due to cheap labor and lack of unions. James Duke started
the cigarette industry in the South. However, infrastructure limited the development of the South.
6.1 Westward migration, farming economic instability and political conflict
Farmers use organization to battle agricultural conditions
The Patrons of Husbandry, or the Grange, was founded in 1867 to advance methods of agriculture, as well as to promote the social and economic needs of
farmers in the United States. The financial crisis of 1873, along with falling crop prices, increases in railroad fees to ship crops, and Congress’s reduction
of paper money in favor of gold and silver devastated farmers’ livelihoods and caused a surge in Grange membership in the mid-1870s. Both at the state
and national level, Grangers gave their support to reform minded groups such as the Greenback Party, the Populist Party, and, eventually, the Progressives.
The main goal of the Grange was to regulate rising fare prices of railroad and grain elevator companies after the American Civil War. The laws, which upset
major railroad companies, were a topic of much debate at the time and ended up leading to several important court cases, such as Munn v. Illinois and Wabash
v. Illinois.
Farmer’s Alliance A fraternal organization of white farmers and other rural southerners, including teachers, ministers, and physicians, the Farmers'
Alliance began in Texas in the mid-1870s and swept across the entire South during the late 1880s. The organization attempted to solve the mounting financial
problems of southern farmers by forming cooperative purchasing and marketing enterprises. It advocated a federal farm-credit and marketing scheme called the
subtreasury plan. When these efforts failed, the Alliance played a leading role in establishing a national third party, the People's or Populist Party, in the early
1890s. This bold entry into partisan politics, however, split the Alliance's membership and contributed to the organization's rapid demise.
Creation of People’s Party Although historians often speak of a “Populist movement” in the 1880s, it wasn’t until 1892 that the People’s or Populist Party was
formally organized. The Omaha Platform, adopted by the founding convention of the party on July 4, 1892, set out the basic tenets of the Populist movement.
The movement had emerged out of the cooperative crusade organized by the Farmer’s Alliance in the 1880s. The preamble was written by Minnesota lawyer,
farmer, politician, and novelist Ignatius Donnelly. Delegates to the convention embraced the platform with great enthusiasm. Many of the specific proposals
urged by the Omaha Platform—the graduated income tax, the secret ballot, the direct election of Senators, the eight-hour day—won enactment in the
progressive and New Deal eras of the next century. The Populist also proposed the free coinage of silver which was inflationary. They wanted term limits,
immigration restrictions, and government ownership of railroad and telegraph.
National Parks and other preservationist efforts
Forest Reserve Act 1891 This act set aside public lands as "national forests", now under the control of the US Forest Service
Sierra Club 1892 - Writer and naturalist John Muir founded the Sierra Club as an advocacy group, working for the protection and preservation of wild lands.
The club is still active in environmental lobbying and advocacy today.
Yellowstone created 1872
Olmstead secured land which is today Central Park in New York. Other urban park models followed.
John Wesley Powell exploration of the Colorado River led to the formulation of some of the fundamental principles of geology. He went on to develop an understanding of the
natural conditions that control society in the arid lands of the western states and to develop guidelines for the orderly development of the region and the importance f the
conservation of water in the West.
The Desert Land Act was passed by the United States Congress on March 3, 1877, to encourage and promote the economic development of
the arid and semiarid public lands of the Western states.
The Timber and Stone Act of 1878 sold land for $2.50 per acre. This land that was deemed "unfit for farming" was sold to those who might want to
"timber and stone" (logging and mining) upon the land. The act was used by speculators who were able to get great expanses declared "unfit for farming"
allowing them to increase their land holdings at minimal expense.
6.2 Industrialization and migration and minorities and reform
Southern Eastern European and rural or urban – See 6.1 industrial workers and internal and external migration
Urban liabilities and assets
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An urban area is characterized by higher population density and higher concentrations of services in comparison with the surrounding areas.
A city is a relatively large and permanent settlement of people who generally have some type of system for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing,
and transportation and more.
By 1870, the nation had only 25 cities with more than 50,000 people - with a total population of 5 million. By 1890, there were 58 cities that size with nearly 12
million people; most were in the Northeast and near the Great Lakes. By 1898, cities were in great evidence in the east and mid east; but they were still quite
scarce in the west. By 1900, New York City had 4 million residents!
On the positive side, urbanization brought new jobs, new opportunities, new housing, and new transportation. Educational opportunities, conveniences,
entertainment and liberal attitudes were all part of the appeal of urban America. but on the negative side, urbanization gave rise to widespread urban
poverty, sub-standard housing, environmental degradation, increasing crime and violence, violent clashes between labor and management, and political
corruption.
Prejudice and reaction by immigration and minorities.
Immigrants were discriminated because of race (Chinese, Greek, Poles, Russians) and religion (Usually Catholic, Jews or Orthodox, ). Chinese were the
first group excluded in the Chinese Exclusion law of 1882. Ellis and Angel Island both processed and blocked undesirable immigrants. Blacks were
discriminated by Jim Crow laws which were nationally recognized after Plessy Vs Ferguson in 1896. Women were will campaigning for equality and
the right to vote.
Role of Political Machines
Political machines ‘s purpose was to pass laws that increased the power of the machine to tax, borrow, and spend.
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Then a leader built public support by spending tax funds on various charities, helping the poor, and funding construction projects.
The poor and those receiving jobs and construction contracts, in turn, were expected to vote for the politicians.
When helping construction businesses, city governors expected kick backs from the already inflated construction budgets, as well as votes.
It all worked like a well-greased machine. When a machine amassed great power - as it did in New York City, it would often have a wellknown boss.
The most famous political machine was Tammany Hall led by Boss Tweed in New York city.
During the Gilded Age,, the federal government was largely defined by the political machines such as Marcus Hanna, the Iron tycoon who controlled
Republican politics. There was no secret ballot so votes were bought or intimidated. Many felt Congress was bought and paid for by business interests.
Examples of legislation from the Gilded age reflective of political bosses interests are:
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Passed the Freedom Amendments protecting the rights of America’s freed men and women, but failed to enforce both the 14th and 15th
Amendments.Promoted industrial and agricultural development.
Removed Indians from western lands to encourage free labor and settlement for white Americans.
Supported the liberties of industrial capitalists at the expense of the liberties of their laborers (wage slaves).
Supported federal and state court decisions that struck down state laws regulating economic enterprise by arguing two things: such laws interfered with
the rights of free laborers to choose employment and working conditions, and such laws infringed upon the rights of the business capitalist to use his
property as he saw fit.
Supported Social Darwinian theories of economic growth and laissez faire that gave individuals the right to pursue their interests without government
interference over the Social Gospel beliefs of equalization of all wealth and power that gave the collective citizens the right to true equality.
Settlement Houses
?Social reformer who worked to improve the lives of the working class by starting the first settlement house. In 1889 she founded Hull House in Chicago, the
first private social welfare agency in the U.S., to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency and help immigrants learn to speak English.
Reform organizations
Social Gospel A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.
Salvation Army, YMCA Provided food, housing, and supplies for the poor and unemployed
Washington Gladden Congregationalist minister who followed the social gospel and supported social reform. A prolific writer whose newspaper cloumns and
many books made him a national leader of the Social gospel movement.
Women’s Christian Temperance Movement
6.2 Transcontinental railroad, U.S. military, reservation systems
U.S. policies in West and Violation of Treaties
Under the reservation system, American Indians kept their citizenship in their sovereign tribes, but life was harder than it had been. The reservations were
devised to encourage the Indians to live within clearly defined zones, and the U.S. promised to provide food, goods and money and to protect them
from attack by other tribes and white settlers. The reservation policy also reflected the views of some of the educators and protestant missionaries that
forcing the Indians to live in a confined space with little opportunity for nomadic hunting would make it easier to "civilize the savages."
Native Indians, after 1830, found themselves being confined to reservations. But, even the Indian Territory was not safe from white settlers. In 1854, the
Federal Government abolished the northern half of Indian Territory and established the Kansas and Nebraska Territories, which were immediately opened up to
white settlement. Many of the tribes occupying the land ended up on vastly reduced reservations. Ft Laramie and Medicine Hat were two of the most famous
Indian treaties broken.
The reservation system proved a disaster for the Indians as the government failed to keep its promises. The nomadic tribes were unable to follow the
buffalo, and conflict among the tribes increased, rather than decreased, as the tribes competed with each other for dwindling resources.
By 1871, the federal government stopped signing treaties with Native Americans and replaced the treaty system with a law giving individual Indians
ownership of land that had been tribal property. This "Indian Homestead Act", official known as the Dawes Act, was a way for some Indians to
become U.S. citizens.
There were two reasons why the treaty system was abandoned.
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2.
First, white settlers needed more and more land, and the fact that tribes were treated as separate nations with separate citizens made it more difficult to
take land from them and "assimilate" them into the general population. Assimilation had become the new ideal. The goal was to absorb the tribes into
the European-American culture and make Native people more like mainstream Americans.
Second, the House of Representatives was angry that they did not have a voice in these policies. Under the Constitution, treaties are ratified by the
U.S. Senate, not the House, even though the House has to appropriate the money to pay for them. So Congress passed a compromise bill in 1871 that,
in effect, brought an end to the treaty system. The bill contained the following language buried in an appropriations law for the Yankton Indians:
"PROVIDED, That hereafter no Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent
nation, tribe , or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty. . ."
The end of the treaties meant the end of treating tribes as sovereign nations. Attempts were made to undermine the power of the tribal leaders and the
tribal justice systems. Tribal bonds were viewed as an obstacle to federal attempts to assimilate the Indian into white society. Assimilation of the
American Indians would become the basis for much of the government policy toward the Native American from the 1880s to the 1930s.
"It has become the settled policy of the Government to break up reservations, destroy tribal relations, settle Indians upon their own homesteads,
incorporate them into the national life, and deal with them not as nations or tribes or bands, but as individual citizens."
— Commissioner of Indian Affairs Thomas J. Morgan, 1890.
This set the stage for the passage by Congress of the General Allotment Act (the Dawes Severalty Act) of 1887.
Congressman Henry Dawes had great faith in the civilizing power of private property. He said that to be civilized was to "wear civilized clothes ... cultivate the
ground, live in houses, ride in Studebaker wagons, send children to school, drink whiskey [and] own property." This act was designed to turn Indians into
farmers, in the hopes they would become more like mainstream America.
The federal government divided communal tribal lands into 160-acre parcels — known as allotments — and gave them to individual tribal members.
The U.S. Government would then hold the land allotted to individual Indians in trust for a period of 25 years, so that the Indian would not sell the land and
return to the reservation and/or be swindled out of it by scheming white men. The Act went on to offer Indians the benefits of U.S. citizenship — if they took
an allotment, lived separate form the tribe and became "civilized."
****Indian Conflicts - List Four of the Following on your notes.
1865
1865-1868 - Campaign against Indians in southern Oregon, Idaho
(Territory) and northern California.
1866
Red Cloud's War (1866–1868) - see Red Cloud
1867
The Battle of Beaver Creek (Kidder Massacre) - Cheyenne and Sioux
Indians ambushed and killed a 2nd US Cavalry detachment Beaver
Creek, Kansas
1868
Battle of Beecher Island, also known as the Battle of Arikaree Fork, was
a conflict between the United States Army and several of the Plains
native American tribes, including the Cheyenne Indians
1869
Battle of Summit Springs was the final military engagement between
whites and plains Indians in Colorado
1871
Tonto War (1871–1875)
1872
1872 - 1873 Modoc War in California and Oregon when led by Captain
Jack Native Indians left their terrible reservation and fought for 6
months, Captain Jack was hanged
1873
Campaign against Apache Indians in Arizona and New Mexico
1874
Sioux expedition, Wyoming (Territory) and Nebraska
1874
Red River War in Northern Texas against the Arapaho, Comanche,
Cheyenne and Kiowa tribes, who eventually surrendered
1874
1874-1875 - Campaign against Kiowa, Cheyenne and Comanche
Indians in Indian Territory
1876
Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877)
1876
Great Sioux War, aka the Black Hills War, (1876–1877). Battle of the
Rosebud in Montana. Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne under Crazy Horse
turned back soldiers commanded by General George Crook cutting off
reinforcements intended to aid Custer at the Battle of Little Bighorn.
1876
17 June, 1876: The Battle of the Rosebud between the United States
Army led by General George Crook and a force of Lakota Sioux. The
Battle of the Rosebud delayed Crook from joining Custer and the 7th
Cavalry at the Battle of Little Bighorn
26 June,1876 - Battle of Little Bighorn, Montana. Sioux and Cheyenne
defeated General Custer and the Seventh Cavalry
1876
1877
Nez Perce War in Oregon, Montana and Idaho. After fighting against
the AmericansChief Joseph led his tribe 1700 miles to Canada but were
forced to to surrender near the border
1878
Bannock War
1878
1878-1879 -- Campaign against Cheyenne Indians in Dakota (Territory)
and Montana
1878
The last battle to take place in Kansas was the Battle of Punished
Woman Fork in Scott County on September 27, 1878
1879
The Sheepeater Indian War was the last Indian war fought in the Pacific
Northwest portion of the United States in Idaho
1879
White River War
1879
Victorio's War (1879–1880) - refer to Victorio
1881
Geronimo's War (1881–1886)
1887
Crow War
1887
Ute War
1890
Ghost Dance War (1890–1891) aka Pine Ridge Campaign
1890
Battle of Wounded Knee. The Wounded Knee Massacre in South
Dakota followed the killing of Chief Sitting Bull. Chief Big Foot led the
last band of Lakota Sioux and were massacred by the US Army at
Wounded Knee Creek
1893
Navajo war against white settlers. Northwestern New Mexico and
Northeastern Arizona
6.3 Cultural and intellectual movements and debates over social policies
Tariffs, currenc laissez faire
Democratic President Grover Cleveland redefined the issue in 1887, with his stunning attack on the tariff as inherently corrupt, opposed to true republicanism,
and inefficient to boot: "When we consider that the theory of our institutions guarantees to every citizen the full enjoyment of all the fruits of his industry and
enterprise... it is plain that the exaction of more than [minimal taxes] is indefensible extortion and a culpable betrayal of American fairness and justice. The
election of 1888 was fought primarily over the tariff issue, and Cleveland lost Republican Congressman William McKinley argued,"Free foreign trade gives
our money, our manufactures, and our markets to other nations to the injury of our labor, our tradespeople, and our farmers. Protection keeps money,
markets, and manufactures at home for the benefit of our own people."
Democrats campaigned energetically against the high McKinley tariff of 1890, and scored sweeping gains that year; they restored Cleveland to the White House
in 1892. The severe depression that started in 1893 ripped apart the Democratic party. Cleveland and the pro-business Bourbon Democrats insisted on a much
lower tariff. His problem was that Democratic electoral successes had brought in Democratic congressmen from industrial districts who were willing to raise
rates to benefit their constituents. The Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act of 1894 did lower overall rates from 50 percent to 42 percent, but contained so many
concessions to protectionism that Cleveland refused to sign it (it became law anyway)
McKinley elected on high tariff platform
McKinley campaigned heavily in 1896 on the high tariff as a positive solution to depression. Promising protection and prosperity to every economic sector, he
won a smashing victory. The Republicans rushed through the Dingley tariff in 1897, boosting rates back to the 50 percent level. Democrats responded that the
high rates created government sponsored "trusts" (monopolies) and led to higher consumer prices. McKinley won reelection by an even bigger landslide
and started talking about a post-tariff era of reciprocal trade agreements
Silver debate
In the United States, toward the end of the nineteenth century, bimetallism became a center of political conflict. Newly discovered silver mines in the
American West crated an abundance of cheap silver but before then (in 1873) Congress passed the Coinage Act of 1873; small silver coins were allowed but
it was no longer legal tender for large debts. This was later denounced by Silverites as “The Crime of ’73,” as it was judged to have prevented inflation.
Improvements in rail transport meant it was cheaper for farmers to ship their grain to Europe, and they over-expanded production until there was a glut on the
market. The Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 was a concession to the silverites, requiring the Treasury to purchase 4.5 million ounces of silver a
month, and issue notes that could be redeemed in gold or silver. This was mildly inflationary, but at the time the money in use was switching from coins and
paper to bank checks, which greatly expanded the money supply. In 1890 the ratio at the mines was 20 to 1 (20 oz of silver cost the same as 1 oz of gold). Heavy
production of silver moved the ratio to 35:1 in the mid 1890s.
The Panic of 1893 was a severe nationwide depression that brought the money issue to the fore. The silverites demanded the government make silver money on a
16:1 ratio. They hoped this would flood the nation with silver, raise prices and lower the cost of old debts. Whether any of that would happen is a matter of
speculation. The "silverites" argued that using silver would inflate the money supply and mean more cash for everyone, which they equated with prosperity. The
gold advocates said silver would permanently depress the economy, but that sound money produced by a gold standard would restore prosperity. The gold
advocates won decisively in the elections of 1896 and 1900.
Laissez faire debate
In the early 19th century, "it is quite clear that the laissez-faire label is an inappropriate one" to apply to the relationship between the U.S. government and
industry. In the mid-19th century, the United States followed the Whig tradition of economic nationalism, which included increased state control, regulation, and
macroeconomic development of infrastructure. Public works such as the provision and regulation transportation such as railroads took effect. The Pacific
Railway Acts provided the development of the First Transcontinental Railroad. In order to help pay for its war effort in the American Civil War, the United
States government imposed its first personal income tax, on August 5, 1861, as part of the Revenue Act of 1861 (3% of all incomes over US $800; rescinded in
1872).
Following the Civil War, the movement towards a mixed economy accelerated. Protectionism increased with the McKinley Tariff of 1890 and the Dingley
Tariff of 1897. Government regulation of the economy expanded with the enactment of the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 and the Sherman Anti-trust
Act. Other examples of violation of laissez faire principles was the use of troops in both the Homestead and Pullman strikes. The currency debate could
also be considered an issue on this debate on government intervention in the economy.
6.3.Culutral and intellectual movement support or challenge Gilded Age
Justification and responsibility of wealthy
****Define Social Gospel, Gospel of Wealth, Philanthropy and provide at least two examples of a philanthropists from Gilded Age.
Challenge to capitalism such as socialism and utopianism
****Define socialism, Eugene Debs, anarchist, Karl Marx and give an example of how Edward Bellamy’s book “Looking Backward” reflected
utopianism.
Minorities continue to campaign for equality - Repeated from 6.2
Immigrants were discriminated because of race (Chinese, Greek, Poles, Russians) and religion (Usually Catholic, Jews or Orthodox, ). Chinese were the
first group excluded in the Chinese Exclusion law of 1882. Ellis and Angel Island both processed and blocked undesirable immigrants. Blacks were
discriminated by Jim Crow laws which were nationally recognized after Plessy Vs Ferguson in 1896. Women were will campaigning for equality and
the right to vote.
Religious changes in Unit 6
Salvation Army, Social Gospel and Gladden, Mary Baker Eddy and Christian Scientists, Fundamentalist interpretation of Bible
Educational changes in Unit 6
Kindergarten, Parochial schools, agricultural colleges form by Morrill and Hatch Acts, philanthropy universities formed by Cornell, Stanford, Johns
Hopkins, and Carnegie libraries, black school like Tuskegee, practical courses as proposed by Charles Elliot, Pragmatism ideas by James
Changes in the press and literature
Yellow journalism by Hearst and Pulitzer, Horatio Alger and stories of Rags to Riches, realism by Mark Twain, Stephen Crane, and Jack London,
poets like Walt Whitman – Bellamy and Looking Backward, Dime novels that promoted adventure
Changes in the role of women
Victoria Woodhull and free love, Jane Addams and social work, Ida Wells – anti-lynching, Carrie A Nation and prohibition, Carrie Chapman Catt and
voting, Charlotte Perkins Gilman and co-op kitchens and nursing, divorce revolution, Western states give women the vote, women’s clubs
Changes in recreation, art, and other cultural changes
Realistic artists such as Homer, Sargent, Cassatt, circus such as Barnum and Bailey, Wild West shows with Buffalo Bill and Annie Oakley, basketball
by Naismith, Doubleday and the rules of baseball, Louis Sullivan – form follows function, John Sullivan - boxer