WWI : “The Great
War” 1914-1918
APUSH Chapter 30:
The War to End the
War
“4 M.A.I.N.” Causes




1. Militarism
2. Alliances
3. Imperialism
4. Nationalism
1. Militarism
 Is the Glorification of
war
 Nations wanted
“bigger armies” and
 More destructive
weapons
2. Alliances
 1. Alliance Systems:
defense agreements
between nations
 2. “Entente
Cordiale” = Friendly
understanding
between 2 nations
3. Imperialism
 Nations competed
for:
 1. new territories
 2. Raw materials
 3. new economic
markets
4. Nationalism
 Extreme Patriotism
 Who has the biggest
army (militarism)?
 The most foreign
territory
(imperialism)?
Background Info…
 Austria- Hungary
 Took over BosniaHerzegovina in1908
 Serbia claimed
territory was theirs
Immediate Cause WWI
 The Match:
 The Assassination of
the
 Heir to AustriaHungarian Throne
 Franz Ferdinand
Immediate Cause WWI
 Ferdinand was
murdered 1914
 In Sarajevo (Bosnian
Capital)
 Austria-Hungarians
Held Serbians
responsible for death
Austria-Hungary Declared
war on Serbia, 1914
 Began as a
“regional” Conflict
between
 Austria – Hungary
vs. Serbia
How Does a “Local” Conflict
Transform itself into a World
War?
 ***
Alliances!!!




1. Russia
Had to support
Serbia
Why?
Alliances!!!
 Czar Nicholas II of
Russia
 Also Declared war
against:
 Austria-Hungary +
 Germany , 1914
Why Germany?
 Germany had an alliance with AustriaHungary
 In turn, Germany
 Declared war on Russia + France, 1914
 Why France?
Germany, 1914




Invaded Belgium
(who was neutral)
Belgium asked
Great Britain for help
Britain
 Declared war on Germany…
From Local Conflict to WWI
 WHAT BEGN AS LOCAL CONFLICT
 Turned into WORLD WAR I
 “ALLIANCES” dragged the entire
European continent into the war
 “IMPERIALISM” dragged foreign
territories into war
Sides & Alliances
 The Triple Entente
/Allied Powers
 1. Serbia
 2. Russia
 3. Great Britain
 4. France
 5. U.S. (1917)
 And all foreign
colonies




The Central Powers
1. Austria-Hungary
2. Germany
3 .Ottoman Empire
(Turkey)
 4. Bulgaria
 And all foreign
colonies
“War of Attrition”
 The Wearing down of
the enemy through
constant attacks
 Introduction of
“Trench Warfare”
Trench Warfare
 “Western Front”
 Battle line stretching
500 miles
 From Switzerland to
North Sea
The Trench Coat
The Wrist Watch
“No Man’s Land”
 point: to run across
“no man’s land” to
enemy trench
 Mines, barbed Wire ,
soldiers protect area
in front of trench
New Weapons Introduced





1. Machine guns
2. heavy artillery
3. Poison Gas
4. Tanks
5. U-Boats
(submarines)
“Flaming Coffins”/ Planes
 Noisy, “crude
vehicles”
 Pilot sat directly
above fuel tank
 Morse Code
Transmitter
 No brakes…
German U-BOATS
 Early Submarines
 U-Boats fired at
passenger and freight
vessels beginning in
1915
American Neutrality
 U.S. Remained neutral Between 19141917
 President Wilson issued Policy of
Neutrality during the early years of the
war.
From Neutrality to Involvement
What caused the
U.S. to become
involved in WWI?
1. Sinking of the Lusitania
 1. German U-Boat fired & sank the
Lusitania, 1915
 British passenger liner
 1,200 lives lost, 130 Americans
The Lusitania – the ship that
launched American involvement in
WWI
1.The Sinking of the Lusitania
 Caused outrage in
American Public
 Germany claimed
Ship was carrying
American weapons
and supplies to Great
Britain
2. “Zimmerman “ Telegram
 British intercepted a
telegram
 Sent to German
Ambassador in
Mexico
 If Mexico forms an
alliance with
Germany, Germany
will help it regain the
Southwest territories
3. German Unrestricted
Submarine Warfare
 German U-boats patrolled the Atlantic off
the coast of Great Britain
 Defiance of right to free trade
 The war disrupted trade, worldwide
economies, and businesses
4. Pro-Allied Propaganda
 British reminded U.S. of their British
Heritage
 French reminded U.S. they helped them
during American Revolution
5. American Idealism
 Which is better?
 Central Powers dominating Europe? OR a
collection of smaller democracies ?
6. American Security
 Was the U.S. safe?
 Issues of security concerned the nation
U.S. Entered WWI on…
 April 2, 1917
 American President Woodrow Wilson
asked congress to Declared war on
Germany and allies
President Woodrow Wilson
 1. accused the Germans of violating
freedom of the seas, killing innocent
Americans, and interfering with Mexico
 2. the U.S. should become involved “to
make the world safe for democracy”
U.S. In Preparation For War:
Military Expansion
 1. National Defense Act ,
1916 – expanded the
federal army from 90,000
to 175,000
 2. Naval Construction
Act , 1916 – authorized
$500-$600 million for 3
year expansion program
U.S. In Preparation For War:
Military Expansion
 3. Selective Service
Act, 1917  “conscription”
 All men 21- 30 (later
18-45)
 Must register for draft
U.S. In Preparation for the War
 4. Commission on Training Camp
Activities
 Presented films, lectures, to new recruits
 Topics: Dangers of alcohol & prostitution
abroad
 IQ Tests – reinforced racial & ethnic
stereotypes
Mobilizing a Nation
 1. Lever Fuel and
Fuel Control Act,
1917
 Herbert Hoover’s
“Food
Administration”
 Purpose: To reduce
civilian use of
foodstuffs
Mobilizing a Nation
Voluntary compliance
instead of food rationing
Limited consumption of
meat, sugar, energy
Housewives monitored
consumption:
 “meatless Mondays”,
“Wheatless Wednesdays”
Mobilizing A Nation
 12,000 Native
Americans Served–
American
Expeditionary Force
 260,000 African
Americans served
(excluded from
Marines)
The War Industries Board, 1917
Most important
mobilization agency
 (WIB) could:
 1. Allocate raw materials,
2. tell manufacturers what
to produce,
 3. order construction of
new plants
 4. fix prices with
approval of the President
New Labor Force Needed
 Foreign immigration
was closed off
 4 million men at war
 Created labor
shortage
 Women, African
Americans, ethnic
minorities encouraged
to enter industries
“ The Great Migration”
 Over 400,000 African
Americans
 Moved from South to
North and West
 Between 1910-1930
number of African
Americans in
Northern States
tripled
Women and WWI
 At first:
 Helped organize war
bonds, war-relief
drives
 Conserved foodstuffs,
war related materials
 Supported Red Cross
 Joined Army Nurse
Corps
Women & “War Work”
 1 million women
went to work
 Available jobs:
loading docks, farms,
railway crews,
armament industries,
machine shops, steel
& lumber mills,
chemical plants
19th Amendment
 Women’s Suffrage
 Woodrow Wilson:
“giving women the
right to vote is vital to
the winning of the
war”
When War Ended…
 African Americans, Women, and other
minorities lost their jobs
 And were replaced by WWI vets…
Civil Liberties – U.S.
 The Espionage Act,
1917- $10,000 fine or 20
years in prison for anyone
who aids “the enemy”
Civil Liberties in U.S.
 The Sedition Act,
1918 – penalties for
saying, writing, or
printing anything
“disloyal, profane, or
abusive” the
American govt.,
constitution, Army, or
Navy
Civil Liberties?
 At least 1500 pacifists, socialists, German
supporters were arrested after the passage
of the Espionage and Sedition act
Fear & Ignorance
 Performances of German –authored or
German Themed music cancelled
 German language no longer taught in
schools
 “German” streets & food re-named:
 Sauerkraut = “liberty cabbage”
 Hamburgers = “Salisbury Steaks”
Wilson’s (most important) 14
Points- Jan.1918
 1. Abolishment of secret
treaties
 2. Freedom of the seas
 3. Economic freedom
 4. Reduction of arms
 5. End of colonization
 6-13. Freedom of all
people to choose
independence
 14. Formation of League
of Nations
The End of WWI
 Germans sought
“Armistice” –
agreement to end
fighting
 WWI ended :
 11-11-1918
Paris Peace Conference,1919
 Resolution is discussed
 Central Powers excluded from negotiations
The “Big Four”, 1919
 1. Woodrow Wilson =
U.S.
 2. Georges
Clemenceau = France
 3. Lloyd George =
Great Britain
 4. Vittorio Orlando =
Italy
New European Borders










New Countries formed as a result of WWI:
1. Hungary
2. Austria
3. Czechoslovakia
4. Romania
5. Serbia
6. Yugoslavia
7. Poland
8. Finland
9-11. Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia
Treaty of Versailles, 1919
 Article 231:
 Placed sole blame for the war on Germany
 German Army/navy reduced
 Germany lost all of its colonies
Wilson’s League of Nations
 International forum
the answer for peace
 U.S. congress voted
against it
 Article X: called for
members to stand
ready if another
member nation’s
sovereignty was
threatened
League of Nations Would
Have..
 1. Dealt with economic & social problems
 2. Encouraged world disarmament
 3. Settled disputes between nations
peacefully
WWI Aftermath
 10 million soldiers killed
 3-5 million civilians killed
 28-30 million wounded or disabled
 Cost: $400 billion (modern day currency)
The Spanish Influenza
 More casualties than the war!
 Spring 1918- 1919 “ Pandemic”
 22 million people throughout the world
 In 1 month : 10,000 Americans died
The Roaring Twenties
APUSH:
Topic 19: The New
Era- The 1920’s
“The Lost Generation”
 Economic Prosperity
Mixed with…
 Disillusionment &
Uncertainty ( after WWI)
 Young, Urban
intellectuals rebelled
against conservative ways
and consumerism
American Economy in the 20’s
 U.S. Experienced an
economic boom
 Unprecedented burst of
consumer activity
 Credit introduced– “buy
now, pay later”
 Rise in industrial
production
Automobiles Became
Affordable
 By 1915, L.A. had
heaviest traffic in
the country…
 20% of Americans
owned automobile
by 1930
1920’s -“Birth of Modern
Culture”
 The “New Morality”
of women
 “Jazz Age” Culture
 The arts: writers,
musicians, the motion
picture industry
Prohibition 1919-1932
 Temperance
movement began in
1840’s
 alcohol a “moral
issue”
 German “enemies” –
Pabst, Schlitz, Miller
(beer companies)
18th Amendment
 Manufacture, sale
and transportation
of liquor was made
illegal (1919)
 The Volstead Act –
enforced 18th
Amend.
In Context of 1920’s
Consumerism
 Prohibition created a
culture of
 1. Speakeasies
(underground clubs)
 2. organized crime
Random “Liquor” Inspection
Checks
Organized Crime
 Illegal manufacturing
/sale of alcohol
provided criminals
with wealth
 “mobsters” Could
afford automobiles,
machine guns, “nice
suits”
Al Capone
 Chicago based
bootlegging,
gambling empire
 Earned him an income
of $60 million!!
 Was sentenced to 11
years in prison 1931
for tax evasion…
Jazz Music- “Truly American”
 African American Music
becomes mainstream
 Louis Armstrong, Duke
Elligton
 Jazz Age – popular
amongst rebellious young
adults
 Scandalous dances such
as “Charleston”
Harlem Renaissance
 Harlem, New York
 Center of African
American life &
culture
 Writers, musicians,
poets, artists
expressed the joy and
pain of being African
American
The Flapper
 Women defy expectations
of womanly behavior
 1. Shorter skirts
 2. heavy make up
 3. “bobbed” hair
 The “bad girl”
 Margaret Sanger
encourages birth control
Women & Freedom
Radical Change
The Flapper Controversy
 A sign of “degenerating society”?
 Or
 An expression of female American
Individualism?
Celebrating the End of
Prohibition
Entertainment Industry Emerges
National Broadcast System
(NBC)
 Commercial radio
 Reached 5 million
homes across country
 Established common
cultural identity
“Moving Pictures”
 Silent films
 1927 The Jazz Singer
first “talkie”
 Hollywood, CA became
entertainment capital
 “You ain’t heard nothin’
yet!”
 First Animated film:
Steamboat Willie, 1928
 Introduction of Mickey
Mouse & Walt Disney
Hollywood
 The center of movie
making by 1927
 85% of film making
in or around
Hollywood
 Promoted jobs & new
industries (costume,
agents, casting )
Impact of Film
 Impact of radio &
film: What does
society learn from
these methods of
communication?
 Do films “undermine
morality” OR
 Reinforce traditional
values?
Impact of Film
 1. Movies reached all
social classes
 2. Created an
obsession with
celebrities
 3. Reinforced Gender
roles
 4. Introduced Fashion
to mass audience
Celebrity Culture
 New models of
femininity &
masculinity:
 1. Miss America
pageant
 2. Sports figures:
Babe Ruth (baseball),
Jack Dempsey
(boxing)
Celebrity Worship…
 Charles A.
Lindbergh
 1st to fly solo
across the Atlantic
in his plane
 Spirit of St. Louis ,
1927
Charles Lindbergh…
The Price of Fame
 1932 - Lindbergh’s
baby was
kidnapped & held
for ransom
 Sensational news
coverage
Social Commentary
*Authors Concerned
about the influence of
money
 F. Scott Fitzgerald
The Great Gatsby
 Ernest Hemingway,
Ezra Pond
The (Monkey) Scopes Trial
 Science vs. Religion
 1925 John Scopes
 Biology Teacher in
Tennessee arrested
 For teaching the
theory of evolution !
 Scopes found guilty,
ruling later overturned
Sacco and Vanzetti Trial
 Accused of armed
robbery & murder
 Un- Fair trial?
 Their political views
overshadow evidence
of crime
 Italian anarchists
 Convicted
 Executed 1927
The Red Scare
 Fear of Communists
 Due to Russian
Revolution (1917)
 Labor strikes, unions
seen as negative
 1919 deportation of
“Radical Aliens” –
Russians targeted
Immigration
 1921,1924 Quotas on European
Immigrants
– Quotas favored northern European countries
– Immigrants form Asia banned (1882 Chinese
Exclusion Act)
– Mexican Revolution (1910-1921) prompts
immigrants to cross border
1920’s Republican Presidents
 1. Warren G.
Harding
 elected, 1920
 Promised return to
“normalcy”
 And a return to
domestic prosperity
 Interest World affairs
a thing of the past
Harding Controversy
 His cabinet made of
friends “ Ohio Gang”,
“Poker Cabinet”
 Close friends
accepted bribes
 Presidency labeled as
“dishonest”
2. Vice President Calvin Coolidge
 Takes over 1923
 Following Harding’s
death
 Won election 1924
 “Silent Cal” Rarely
worked
 Refused to pay WWI
vets their promised
bonuses
3. Herbert Hoover
 Wins election 1928
 Promised “prosperity &
progress”
 “rugged individualism” –
anyone can become
successful if they work
hard enough
 Economic disaster 8
months away…
Stock Market Crash &
The Great Depression
APUSH:
Chapter 32: The
politics of Boom &
Bust
Chapter 33: The Great
Depression & New
Deal
Economic Crises
 Prior to 1929 Labeled
“panics”
 Short lived economic
depressions
 Corresponded with
natural business cycle
 1819-1907
Economic Terms
 1. “Bull Market” – upward trend in stock prices
 2. “Bear Market” – downward trend in stock
prices
 3. “Stocks” – certificates of ownership in a
company
 4. “Stockholders” – owners of certificates,
receive certain percentage of corporation’s profits
through dividends
“Overconfidence”
As demand (for stocks)
rise, so do stock
prices
*”Bull Market”
 By 1929, stocks are
selling for 16 times
their actual worth
Economy Out of Control
 1. 1920’s Era of permanent economic
growth
 2. “Get rich quick” schemes- people
gamble life savings
 3. buying stock “on margin”- pay small
down payment, borrow rest from a broker
 4. Overproduction of manufactured goods
Oct. 24, 1929
 “Black Thursday”
 Nervous Investors
begin to sell shares
 Prices plunge
Oct. 29, 1929
 “Black Tuesday” – the
most devastating single
day in market history
 Prices sank to all time
low
 Brokers tried to recover
loan money owed to them
 People could not repay
loans
 Had to sell stocks
Farmers Suffered
 Overproduction =
surplus goods
 Purchase of new
tractors & machinery
on credit = heavy debt
 Led to foreclosure of
farms
Workers Suffered
 Overproduction of
manufactured goods
 Both consumer &
industrial
 Flooded American
market
 Companies &
Factories laid off
workers, cut wages
Banks In Trouble
 9,000 banks closed
 People could not repay loans
 People lost savings
What is An Economic Depression
(1929-1933)?
 Sharp drop in business activity
accompanied by rising unemployment
 Gross national product= total value of all
goods + services
- GDP fell from $103 billion to $56 billion
Top 5 Causes of The Great
Depression




1. Stock Market Crash, 1929
2. Overproduction farm & factory
3. Overexpansion of credit “buy now pat later”
4.American Economic Policy in
 Hawley-Smoot Tariff in 1930 (import tax)
 high import taxes led to less trade between America and
foreign countries
 5. Drought in the Mississippi Valley in 1930
“dust bowl”
Widespread Unemployment




1929 = 1.5 million
1932= 12 million
Wages fell
Immigration
decreased
 1932 = 20,000
American suicides
Widespread Poverty
 Breadlines, soup
kitchens
 “shantytowns”
emerged as People
lost homes
President Hoover’s Response
 “Rugged individualism
“– success comes through
individual effort”
 Offered no economic
relief!
 Encouraged Americans to
contribute to charity
“volunteerism”
Reconstruction Finance
Corporation, 1932




Created by Congress
RFC’s purpose:
To stimulate economy
Authorized to issue
loans to assist
railroads, banks,
municipalities
 Wealthy benefit, but
what about regular
people?
“Bonus Army” March to
Washington, 1932
 WWI vets (Bonus
Expeditionary Force)
 Demanded early
release of $ owed to
them by the govt.
WWI Vets in Washington D.C.
 Camped in capital
 “hoovervilles” – make
shift shelters
Violence Erupted
 WWI vets not given
bonuses
 Protest turned violent
 Hoover sent in army
 2 veterans died
 Nation horrified
Dustbowl, Early 1930’s
 Massive dust storms
 Due to drought, poor
agricultural practices
 Oklahoma, W. Kansas
Dust Bowl- Ecological Disaster
 Thousands died of
“dust pneumonia”
 10,000 farm homes
abandoned
 People packed and
move west :
“okies”
Dust Bowl Migrants
 Faced
discrimination in
the West
 The Grapes of
Wrath- John
Steinbeck
Between 1933-1939
 957,000 people
moved to
California
 1. Immigrants
 2. Migrant farmers
displaced by Dust
Bowl
Depression Era Discrimination
 Mexican
immigrants
accused of
“stealing jobs”
from Americans
La Placita Raid
 Feb. 26, 1931
(3:00pm)
 immigration agents
arrived & arrested
populace
 Hundreds deported
Goals of Mexican Repatriation
 1. to return
immigrants to their
homeland
 2. to save
“welfare” for “real
Americans”
 3. to create jobs for
“real Americans”
Mexican Repatriation
 Between 200,000 345,839
individuals were
deported between
1930-1935 in U.S.
 Some by train,
others by ship
Mexican Repatriation
 60% of those
deportedAmerican citizens
 children of
immigrants
Chapter 33
FDR & THE NEW DEAL (19331939)
President Franklin D. Roosevelt
elected 1932
 “the only thing we
have to fear…is fear
itself” – FDR
Inaugural Address
(1933)
 Presidential Platform:
NEW DEAL
Franklin Delano Roosevelt &
the New Deal
 1933-1935
 3 goals: Relief, Recovery, Reform
 “First 100 Days” – passage of bills which:
 1. Repaired banks
 2. Restored faith in the economy
 3. Provided jobs for the unemployed
FDR’s “Fireside Chats”
 Weekly radio
speeches informed
and soothed American
public
Banking Act, 1933
 Paved the way for
FDIC (Federal deposit
insurance corporation)
 Protected American’s
banking deposits
 Restored confidence
in Banks
New Deal ProgramsEmployment
 1. Public Works
Administration (PWA)
employed Americans to
rebuild infrastructure
New Deal ProgramsEmployment
 2. Civilian
Conservation
Corps: employed
men ages 18-25 in
forests, parks, soil
conservation
projects
New Deal ProgramsEmployment
 3.Tennessee
Valley Authority:
 brought hydroelectric
power to Tennessee
 Flood Control and Hydroelectric dams built (19331944)
Second New Deal
 1935-1938
 Focused on more relief & reform
 Works Progress Administration
(WPA)– employed Americans to build
bridges, refurbish parks, write plays, paint
murals
Works Progress
Administration (WPA)
 6,000 new schools
 2,500 hospitals
 13,000 playgrounds
 Constructed
Works Progress
Administration (WPA)
 Created jobs for
artists, playwrights,
writers, Musicians
Social Security Act
 – 1935 guaranteed benefits to retirees,
disabled, unemployed
1930’s… Golden Age of
Cinema
