Chapter 22
The Industrial
Revolution
Section 1
Origins of the
Industrial Revolution
The Agricultural Revolution
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In the 1500’s and 1600’s the English began to enclose, or {fence
off, their lands into individual plots. At the same time smaller lands were
being combined into larger more productive plots
This enclosure movement} continued on into the 1700’s and
reached its height in the 1800’s
The enclosure movement made people begin to think of
better more efficient farming methods
Landowner, {Jethro Tull, developed a drill that made it possible to
plant seeds in straight rows as well as a horse-drawn hoe to dig up weeds
and break up soil}
Another landowner, Charles Townshend, developed {crop
rotation- planting different crops in the fields each year to build
nutrients}
By the 1800’s many farm workers were replaced by machines
J
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Tull’s horse drawn hoe
The Jethro Tull we’re
studying
Tull’s seed drill
Factors of Production
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{Following the Agricultural Revolution came the Industrial
Revolution}
{The I.R. began in Great Britain because of the
abundance of three factors- land, capital and labor; these are
called the factors of production}
Land refers to all natural resources including minerals,
waterways and soil
Capital includes tools, machinery, equipment, inventory and
money
Labor refers to the people who do the work. Britain had an
overabundance of people in need of jobs thanks to the
massive migration of machine replaced tenant farmers into
the cities
The Textile Industry
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The first step toward {mechanization- using automatic machinery
to increase production}- was the invention of a mechanized loom
In 1733, British engineer John Kay created the flying shuttle
Then in the 1760’s weaver James Hargreaves invented the
spinning jenny
Richard Arkwright later invented a way to make the machine
water powered
{Arkwright brought water power and workers together and opened a
spinning mill, marking the beginning of the first factory system}
By the 1780’s one person could weave as much cloth as 200
hand loom operators
This rapid change shows how each invention created a new
need and human imagination filled the gap
The flying shuttle was
the first mechanized
loom but it was so fast
that thread could not be
spun fast enough to
keep up with production
The spinning jenny solved
the problem of running
out of thread
Effects of Mechanization
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As supply for cloth increased, the price for cotton cloth
decreased. As a result demand increased and so did the need
for raw cotton
Raw cotton imports to England grew from 4 million pounds
to 100 million pounds by 1815. Most of it came from the
United States
In 1793 {Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin- a machine that could
clean cotton extremely fast- making the U.S. the cotton producing center
of the world}
As production soared so did the amount of slave labor used
to plant and pick the cotton
Thus the cotton gin inadvertently helped to expand slavery in
the United States
Eli Whitney and his cotton gin
Steam Engines, Iron and Steel
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In order to utilize water power a factory had to be located on a river or
near a dam or waterfall.
A more portable and dependable power supply was found in steam
In 1769, Scotsman James Watt studied and improved upon others ideas
and inventions and patented the modern steam engine.
More machines meant more iron was needed to build them as well as
more coal to fuel the forges
Then it was noticed that because iron could not withstand the high
steam pressure steam engines were exploding
It was found that steel, an iron alloy, was much stronger but it was more
expensive to produce
Henry Bessemer developed the {Bessemer process- injecting air into
molten iron to remove impurities and to increase the temperature which
prevented the metal from solidifying during the process. This made
production of steel cheaper and more efficient}
The Bessemer Process
Other Industrialization
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The use of machines also spread to the industries of printing,
papermaking, lumber and food processing, and making other
machines
Some now processes had important by-products
It was found that gases released from coal were burned to give
light. London used the knowledge to produce the first
streetlights
American Charles Goodyear discovered {vulcanization- a
process to make rubber less sticky}
The oil industry also came about when people discovered that
crude oil could be used to make paraffin for candles,
lubricating oil for machinery and kerosene for lighting and
heating
Without vulcanization these would not be possible.
And that would be bad
Transportation & Communication
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Between the Middle Ages and the I.R. transportation remained the same:
feet, horses and varieties of wagons
The I.R. brought several innovations on transportation not only with
new roads and canals but with passenger trains and Robert Fultons
steamboat
By the 1830’s steamboats were bringing people and goods across the
Atlantic in half the time it normally took
In the 1820’s Andre Ampere worked on the principles of harnessing the
magnetic effects of electricity
American {Samuel Morse put Ampere’s work to practical use by sending an
electronic current through a wire causing a machine to click at the other end thus
inventing Morse Code
By 1844 Morse’s invention, the telegraph had become a practical, widely used
device.}
Telegraph wires soon stretched across continents and even oceans
The Spread of Industry
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It took other European countries a while to
catch up to Great Britain
In France in the 1800’s most workers were still
farmers and peasants. The French Revolution
also hindered industrialization
Germany did not have a central government to
aid industrial growth
Other smaller countries simply did not have the
money nor the resources to industrialize
Review Questions
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At the same time smaller lands were being
combined into larger more productive plots what
was this called?
Jethro Tull had two inventions, what were they?
What is planting different crops in the fields each
year to build nutrients
What followed the Agricultural Revolution
Why did the industrial Revolution begin in Great
Britain?
Who invented the Telegraph?