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Chapter 12 Study Guide
Renewed Religious Struggle
1. What law stated that the ruler of the land would determine the religion of the land?
2. What council was held from 1545-1563 by the Catholic Church to address issues raised by the Protestant
Reformation?
3. What Swiss city had become both a refuge for Europe’s persecuted Protestants and an international school for
Protestant resistance?
4. Which group of Protestants had become firebrands and revolutionaries when their civil and religious rights were
denied?
5. What movement within the Catholic Church emphasized absolute obedience to the Pope?
6. What represented two opposing religious factions in the 16th century?
7. What architectural style expressed the spirit of the Counter-Reformation?
8. Who were two great artists of the Catholic style?
9. Who was the great artist of the Protestant style?
10. What term refers to a ruler that subordinates theological doctrine to political unity and puts the success and wellbeing of his or her state above all else?
11. Which ruler was the most successful politique?
12. Which two countries conspired and sent armies against Protestant regimes in England and the Netherlands?
The French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)
13. What were the French Protestants called?
14. Which battle started the first wave of Protestant persecution in France?
15. Which French king was captured in the Battle of Pavia?
16. Which edict subjected French Protestants to the Inquisition?
17. Who became the king of France from 1547 to 1559 and married Catherine de Medicis?
18. What edict was issued by Henry II that brought new measures against Protestants in France in 1551?
19. What treaty ended the Habsburg-Valois wars between the Holy Roman Empire and France in 1559?
20. Who became the king of France at age 15 in 1559 upon the death of his father Henry II?
21. List the three powerful families that sought to control the French monarchy after the death of king Henry II:
22. How much of the French population were Huguenots?
23. Who became the king of France at age 10 in 1560 upon the death of his brother Francis II?
24. Who was the widow of Henry II and the mother of Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III?
25. What granted the Protestants in France the freedom to worship outside towns and to hold synods?
26. What massacre of Protestants took place in 1562 and marked the beginning of the French Wars of Religion?
27. Who led this attack?
28. What French War of Religion took place from 1562-1563 and resulted in the assassination of Duke of Guise?
29. What French War of Religion took place from 1568-1570 and resulted in the death of Conde?
30. Who became the leader of the Huguenots upon the death of Conde in 1569?
31. List four results of the Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye of 1570 which ended the first phase of French Wars of
Religion:
32. What event resulted in the massacre of 23,000 Huguenots across France in 1572?
33. Who became the king of France at age 23 in 1574 upon the death of his brother Charles IX?
34. What league was formed by the Henry of Guise in 1576 to eradicate the Huguenots from France?
35. Who became the king of France in 1589 upon the death of Henry III and said, “Paris is worth a mass”?
36. What religion did he embrace thus stunning France, Spain, and the Pope?
37. What edict granted the Huguenots with the freedom of public worship?
38. What did critics of this treaty say would be created within the state?
Imperial Spain and Philip II (R. 1556-1598)
39. When did the Austrian branch of Philip II family lose the title to Habsburg lands?
40. What caused prices to rise in 16th and 17th century Spain?
41. Who was a reclusive man that managed his kingdom by pen and paper?
42. What building was constructed in 1584 outside the city of Madrid and was a combination of palace, church, tomb,
and monastery?
43. What part of his reign did Philip II focus on the Mediterranean and the Turkish threat?
44. What naval battle took place between the Holy Roman Empire and the Ottoman Empire in 1571?
45. Who brutally suppressed a Protestant uprising in the Netherlands in the 1560’s?
46. What provided the removal of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands within 20 days?
England and Spain (1553-1603)
47. Which half-sister succeeded Edward VI?
48. What did she restore to England?
49. Who did Mary Tudor marry?
50. What nickname was given to Mary for the execution of Protestant leaders?
51. List three Protestant leaders that were executed for heresy?
52. Which future leader of the reformation in Scotland was a “Marian exile”?
53. Who succeeded Mary as Queen of England?
54. Who was her mother?
55. Who was her advisor?
56. What repealed Mary’s anti-Protestant legislation?
57. Who was declared supreme governor over spiritual and secular affairs by this act?
58. Which of Thomas Cranmer’s works made moderate Protestantism the official religion within the Church of
England?
59. Who did Catholic extremist want to replace Queen Elizabeth?
60. Which group of extreme Puritans wanted every congregation to be autonomous?
61. Which Act gave separatists the option to conform to the practices of the Church of England or face exile or death?
62. Which Spanish duke marched his armies into the Netherlands in 1567?
63. Which English privateer circumnavigated the globe between 1577 and 1580?
64. What treaty provided English soldiers and cavalry to the Netherlands in 1585?
65. List four things that contributed to the outbreak of war between England and Spain?
66. Who were the parents of Mary Queen of Scots?
67. Who was suspected of killing Lord Darnley?
68. Who became the king of Scotland upon the abdication of Mary Queen of Scots?
69. Who was Queen Elizabeth’s vigilant secretary?
70. What plot sought to assassinate Queen Elizabeth in 1586?
71. What event caused Pope Sixtus V to support Spain against England?
72. Which Spanish port did Sir Francis Drake set on fire in 1587?
73. What was sent to invade England in 1588?
74. What event weakened Spanish dominance in Europe?
75. Which nation dominated Europe in the 17th century?
The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)
76. Which 16th century territory was ruled by separate entities with their own tariffs, tolls, and money?
77. Which country has been Europe’s highway for merchants and traders going north, east, south, and west?
78. What was the ratio of Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire by 1600?
79. What was the attempt to freeze the territorial holdings of the Lutherans and the Catholics?
80. What German city became the intellectual center for German Calvinism?
81. List the three countries that assisted the Palatine Calvinists against Spain in 1609:
82. What was the major center of Catholic power in Germany?
83. Who organized a Catholic league to counter the new Protestant alliance?
84. What war involved every major European land from 1618-1648?
85. List the four phases of the Thirty Years’ War:
86. Where did this war break out?
87. Who did the Protestant nobility revolt against in this war?
88. Who revoked the religious freedoms of Bohemian Protestants?
89. What was the Protestant response to king Ferdinand’s policies?
90. What happened to Ferdinand’s regents in 1618?
91. Who won the Battle of White Mountain in 1620?
92. Which Danish king invaded Germany in 1626?
93. What edict was issued during the Danish Period that struck panic in the hearts of Protestants?
94. Who was the king of Sweden?
95. What Swedish victory marked the turning point of the Thirty Years’ War?
96. In which battle was Gustavus Adolphus killed?
97. Who did Ferdinand have assassinated in 1634?
98. What treaty brought the Swedish Period of the war to an end?
99. List the four elements of the Treaty of Westphalia of 1648:
100. Which two German states gained international significance during the 17th century?